Functional Materials: For Energy, Sustainable Development and Biomedical Sciences

• Publisher: De Gruyter
• Year: 2014
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 496
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

"Functional Materials textbook is not simply a review of the vast body of literature of the recent years, as it holds the focus upon various aspects of application. Moreover, it selects only a few topics in favor of a solid and thorough treatment of the relevant aspects. This book comes in a good time, when a large body of academic literature has been accumulated and is waiting for a critical inspection in the light of the real demands of application." Professor Gerhard Wegner, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
The chapters cover three important fields in the development of functional materials: energy, environment, and biomedical applications. These topics are explained and discussed from both an experimental and a theoretical perspective. Functional organic and inorganic materials are at the center of most technological breakthroughs. Therefore, the understanding of material properties is fundamental to the development of novel functionalities and applications.

• Aunique and timely overview for graduate students with backgrounds in chemistry, physics and engineering, and scientists keen to broaden their knowledge in both the fundamentals and applications of functional materials

✦ Table of Contents

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Contributing authors
About the editors
1 Introduction
Part I: Functional materials: Synthesis and applications
2 A primer on polymer colloids: structure, synthesis and colloidal stability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Polymer colloids inside out
2.2.1 How many polymer chains per particle?
2.2.2 How many particles?
2.2.3 Are the chains immobile within the nanoparticle?
2.2.4 Morphology of polymeric nanoparticles
2.3 Preparation of polymer nanoparticles
2.3.1 Emulsion polymerization
2.3.2 Miniemulsion polymerization
2.3.3 Microemulsion polymerization
2.3.4 Self-assembly in selective solvents
2.4 Colloidal stabilization
2.4.1 Electrostatic stabilization
2.4.2 Steric stabilization
2.4.3 Depletion stabilization
2.4.4 Future directions
3 Synthesis, functionalization and properties of fullerenes and graphene materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fullerenes
3.2.1 General considerations
3.2.2 Synthesis and purification of fullerenes
3.2.3 Chemical and physical properties of C60
3.2.4 Chemical functionalization of C60
3.2.5 Applications
3.3 Graphene
3.3.1 Production of graphene
3.3.2 Graphene in energy conversion devices
4 Ordered mesoporous silica: synthesis and applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Ordered mesoporous silica (OMS)
4.2.1 Principle of synthesis
4.2.2 Mesostructure diversity and tailoring
4.3 Functionalization of ordered mesoporous silica
4.4 Morphology control
4.5 Selected applications of functionalized ordered mesoporous silica
4.5.1 Functionalized MSNs as controlled drug delivery platforms
4.5.2 Functionalized mesoporous materials for extraction chromatography (EXC) applications
4.5.3 Mesoporous organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for water desalination
5 Nanoparticles: Properties and applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Synthetic methods
5.2.1 Particle nucleation and growth
5.2.2 Synthesis in inverse micelles
5.3 Particle aggregation and stabilization of colloidal suspensions
5.4 Colloidal quantum dots
5.5 Metal nanoparticles
5.6 Metal oxide nanoparticles
5.6.1 Titanium dioxide
5.6.2 Iron oxide
5.6.3 Silica
5.7 Polymeric nanoparticles
5.8 Advanced architectures and hybrid systems
6 Conjugated polymers for organic electronics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Processable conjugated polymers
6.3 Applications in renewable energy
6.3.1 Organic solar cells
6.3.2 Conjugated polymers for organic solar cells
6.4 Applications in micro-electronics
6.4.1 Field-effect transistors
6.4.2 Conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors
6.5 Applications in lighting
6.5.1 Light-emitting diodes
6.5.2 Conjugated polymers for light-emitting diodes
6.6 Summary
7 Theoretical tools for designing microscopic to macroscopic properties of functional materials
7.1 Methods
7.1.1 The link between microscopic and macroscopic scales
7.1.2 Ab initio methods
7.1.3 Bridging the gap between ab initio and atomistic levels
7.1.4 Atomistic simulation
7.1.5 Bridging the gap between atomistic and mesoscale levels
7.2 Examples
7.2.1 Quantum studies
7.2.2 Atomistic simulation
7.3 Summary
Part II: Development of new materials for energy applications
8 Electrochemical energy storage systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Metrics and performance evaluation
8.3 Models and theory of electrochemical charge storage
8.3.1 Battery operation – a Faradaic process
8.3.2 Electrochemical capacitor operation – a non-Faradaic process
8.4 Electrolytes
8.5 Electrode materials
8.5.1 Electrochemical capacitors
8.5.2 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors
8.5.3 Lithium battery electrode materials
8.5.4 Negative (anode) electrode materials
8.5.5 The positive (cathode) electrode
8.5.6 Electrode production
8.6 Summary
9 Functional ionic liquids electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Historical overview
9.1.2 What are ionic liquids?
9.1.3 Key properties as electrolytes
9.2 Ionic liquids as Li and Lithium-ion battery electrolytes
9.3 Functional ionic liquid electrolytes
9.3.1 Overview of functional ionic liquids
9.3.2 Solid electrolyte interphase
9.3.3 Transport of lithium ions
9.3.4 Electroactive ionic liquids as redox shuttles
9.3.5 Perspectives
10 Solid polymer proton conducting electrolytes for fuel cells
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Proton exchange membranes
10.2.1 Nafion®
10.2.2 Alternative sulfonated ionomers and membranes
10.3 Characterization of solid polymer electrolytes
10.3.1 Proton conductivity
10.3.2 States of water and water mobility
10.4 Summary
11 Supercritical adsorption of hydrogen on microporous adsorbents
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fundamentals of supercritical adsorption
11.3 Supercritical adsorption isotherms
11.3.1 Virial expansion of the excess density in terms of pressure
11.3.2 Basic analytic models of the adsorption isotherm
11.3.3 Self-consistent approaches
11.4 The thermodynamics of adsorption
11.4.1 Properties of surface potential
11.5 Microporous adsorbents for hydrogen storage
11.5.1 Activated carbons
11.5.2 Single wall nanotubes
11.5.3 Metal organic frameworks
Part III: New trends in sustainable development and biomedical applications
12 Advanced materials for biomedical applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History of biomaterials
12.3 Basics in material science for biomaterial applications
12.3.1 Biomaterial properties
12.3.2 Biometals
12.3.3 Bioceramics
12.3.4 Biosynthetic polymers
12.3.5 Natural polymers
12.4 Biomedical applications
12.4.1 Cardiovascular system
12.4.2 Musculoskeletal system
12.4.3 Visceral organs
12.4.4 Nervous system and sensory organs
12.4.5 Esthetic applications
12.4.6 Skin
12.5 Future trends
12.5.1 Tissue engineering basic concepts
12.5.2 Scaffolds
12.5.3 Surface modification
12.5.4 Stem cells
12.5.5 Bioreactors
12.5.6 Computational models
12.6 Summary
13 Nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications in medicine
13.1 The basics of MRI in medicine
13.2 Relaxivity: the performance of MRI contrast agents
13.3 Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles
13.3.1 Synthesis of magnetic nanocrystals
13.3.2 Nanoparticle coatings for MRI applications
13.3.3 Physicochemical characterization
13.4 Physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles
13.5 MR relaxation properties of magnetic nanoparticles
13.5.1 Relaxivity of paramagnetic CAs
13.5.2 Relaxivity of superparamagnetic CAs
13.5.3 Relaxometric performance of MRI CAs at clinical magnetic field strengths
13.6 Biological performance of magnetic nanoparticles for MRI
13.6.1 In vivo barriers
13.6.2 Impact of nanoparticle size and surface on colloidal stability and blood retention
13.6.3 Directing nanoparticles in vivo
13.6.4 Toxicity
13.7 Summary
14 Microfluidics for synthesis and biological functional materials: from device fabrication to applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A practical introduction to microfluidic reactors for material synthesis
14.2.1 Microfluidic reactor geometries
14.2.2 Device fabrication materials
14.2.3 Fabrication of polymer-based planar microreactors and components
14.3 Manipulating and measuring precursor reagent streams in microchannels
14.3.1 High surface area to volume ratios in microchannels
14.3.2 Rapid heat transfer
14.3.3 Control of concentrations
14.3.4 Controlling “time on chip”
14.3.5 Control of hydrodynamics and mass transfer
14.3.6 Characterization in microchannels
14.4 Microfluidics for polymer microparticles
14.4.1 Manipulating the shaping of liquid precursors
14.4.2 Effect of the channel wall
14.4.3 Emulsification of precursor droplets
14.4.4 Channel geometries to achieve emulsified droplets
14.4.5 Multiple emulsions
14.4.6 Forming linear threads and two-dimensional interfaces
14.4.7 Converting liquid precursors into solid micro-materials
14.4.8 Scale up: a circuit analysis of microfluidic flow in a highly parallelized microreactor
14.5 Microfluidics for synthesis of functional nanoparticles
14.5.1 Microfluidics for highly controlled nanoparticle synthesis
14.6 Biomaterials
14.6.1 Tissue engineering and membranes
14.6.2 Microenvironments for encapsulated cells
14.6.3 Biofilms
14.6.4 Microdevices utilizing functional biomaterials
14.7 Summary
15 Protein- and peptide-based materials: a source of inspiration for innovation
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basics of proteins, peptides and polypeptides
15.2.1 Polypeptides are sequences of amino acids
15.2.2 Polypeptides can adopt various conformations
15.2.3 Polypeptides possess various levels of structural organization
15.3 Functional materials from fibrous proteins
15.3.1 Resilin & abductin
15.3.2 Byssus (mussel anchoring threads)
15.3.3 Silk
15.4 Functional materials from globular proteins
15.4.1 Natural proteins
15.4.2 Artificial proteins
15.5 Functional materials from synthetic peptides
15.6 Summary
16 Nanocomposite coatings
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Coating formulations
16.2.1 Chemical components
16.2.2 Mixing techniques
16.2.3 Application and curing
16.3 Nanoparticle additives
16.4 Coating characterization
16.4.1 Mechanical properties
16.4.2 Optical properties
16.4.3 X-ray imaging and particle aggregation
16.4.4 Weathering and artificial aging
16.5 Bio-based coatings
16.6 Future developments
16.7 Summary
Index