Functional Chitosan: Drug Delivery and Biomedical Applications

✍ Scribed by Sougata Jana (editor), Subrata Jana (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 494
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Thanks to their unique properties, chitosan and chitosan-based materials have numerous applications in the field of biomedicine, especially in drug delivery. This book examines biomedical applications of functional chitosan, exploring the various functions and applications in the development of chitosan-based biomaterials. It also describes the chemical structure of chitosan and discusses the relationship between their structure and functions, providing a theoretical basis for the design of biomaterials. Lastly, it reviews chemically modified and composite materials of chitin and chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, nanomedicine, drug delivery, and gene delivery.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Chitosan and Its Derivatives: A New Versatile Biopolymer for Various Applications
1.1 Chitin and Chitosan: General Characterization
1.2 Sources and Extraction of Chitosan from Raw Materials
1.3 Structure and Properties of Chitosan
1.4 Factors Affecting Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
1.4.1 pH
1.4.2 Ionic Strength
1.4.3 Concentration
1.4.4 Molecular Weight
1.4.5 Degree of Deacetylation
1.4.6 Temperature
1.5 Modification of Chitosan
1.5.1 Physical Modification
1.5.2 Chemical Modification
1.5.3 Molecular Imprinting of Chitosan
1.6 Computational Modeling for Rational Designing of MIP and Chitosan-Based Material
1.7 Application
1.7.1 Biomedical Application
1.7.1.1 Biosensor
1.7.1.2 Cancer Diagnosis
1.7.1.3 Tissue Engineering
1.7.1.4 Wound Dressing
1.7.1.5 Drug Carrier
1.7.1.6 Antimicrobial Activity
1.7.2 Industrial Applications
1.7.2.1 Cosmetics
1.7.2.2 Paper Industry
1.7.2.3 Textile Industry
1.7.2.4 Solid-State Batteries
1.7.2.5 Agriculture
1.7.2.6 Food Processing
1.7.3 Environmental Applications
1.7.3.1 Flocculating Agent
1.7.3.2 Chelating Agent and Heave Metal Ion Trapper
1.7.3.3 Removal of Organic Pollutants
1.8 Conclusion
References
2: Application of Chitosan in Oral Drug Delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Oral Drug Delivery
2.3 Chitosan as an Ideal Carrier for Oral Drug Delivery
2.4 Chitosan Tablets
2.5 Chitosan Capsules
2.6 Chitosan Beads and Granules
2.7 Chitosan Oral Gene Delivery
2.8 Chitosan Oral Peptide/Protein Delivery
2.9 Chitosan Nanoparticles
2.9.1 Quaternized Derivatives of Chitosan
2.9.2 Thiolated Chitosan
2.9.3 PEGylated Chitosan
2.10 Chitosan Films in Oral Drug Delivery Systems
2.11 Hydrogel Drug Delivery Systems
2.12 Chitosan Hydrogels
2.12.1 Physically Associated Chitosan Hydrogels
2.12.2 Chitosan Hydrogels Formed by Polyelectrolyte Complexes (PEC)
2.12.3 Chitosan-Alginate Hydrogels
2.12.4 Chitosan-Pectin Hydrogels
2.12.5 Chitosan-Carrageenan Hydrogels
2.12.6 Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogels
2.12.7 Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogels
2.13 Chitosan Hydrogels in Oral Drug Delivery Systems
2.13.1 Chitosan Hydrogels in Oral Cavity
2.13.2 Chitosan Hydrogels in GI Tract
2.14 Conclusion
References
3: Transdermal Delivery of Chitosan-Based Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS)
3.2.1 Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems (TDDSs)
3.2.2 Disadvantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS)
3.3 Skin
3.3.1 Skin Structure
3.3.2 Skin Barrier Properties
3.3.3 The Barrier Property of Stratum Corneum (SC)
3.3.3.1 Skin Turnover as a Barrier
3.3.3.2 Transportation of Exogenous Substances from Stratum Corneum
3.3.3.3 Acidic Nature of Stratum Corneum
3.4 Overcoming the Barrier of Transdermal Delivery
3.4.1 Passive Methods
3.4.2 Active Methods
3.5 Skin Permeability Enhancement by Active Methods
3.5.1 Electrical Method
3.5.1.1 Iontophoresis
3.5.1.2 Electroporation
3.5.2 Mechanical Methods for Transdermal Delivery
3.5.2.1 Microneedle-Based Delivery
3.5.2.2 Skin Abrasion Method
3.5.2.3 Skin Perforation Technique
3.5.2.4 Needleless Injection
3.5.2.5 Suction Ablation Techniques
3.5.2.6 Skin Stretching Techniques
3.5.2.7 Ultrasound (Sonophoresis and Phonophoresis)
3.5.2.8 Laser Radiation and Photomechanical Waves
3.5.2.9 Magnetophoresis
3.5.2.10 Thermophoresis
3.5.2.11 Radio Frequency
3.6 Chitosan
3.6.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
3.6.2 Isolation of Chitosan
3.6.3 Chitosan Derivatives
3.6.3.1 Physical Modification of Chitosan
3.6.3.2 Chemical Modification of Chitosan
3.6.4 Therapeutic Properties of Chitosan
3.7 Important Properties of Chitosan
3.7.1 Controlled Drug Release
3.7.2 Mucoadhesive Properties
3.7.3 In Situ Gelling Properties
3.7.4 Transfection Enhancing Properties
3.7.5 Permeation Enhancing Properties
3.8 Transdermal Application of Chitosan
3.8.1 Penetration Mechanism of Chitosan Through Transdermal Route
3.8.2 Drug Release from Chitosan Nanoparticles
3.9 Chitosan-Based Formulations for Transdermal Delivery
3.9.1 Trimethylated Chitosan Nanoparticles
3.9.2 Chitosan/Cyclodextrin (CS/CD) Nanoparticles
3.9.3 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Transdermal Delivery
3.9.4 Chitosan Nanoparticles
3.9.5 Chitosan Nanocapsules
3.10 Conclusion
References
4: Chitosan-Based Ocular Drug Delivery Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Major Ocular Diseases
4.3 Ocular Delivery Systems
4.4 Novel Ocular Delivery Systems
4.5 Intraocular Drug Transport Barriers
4.6 Ocular Transporters
4.7 Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems
4.8 Chitosan-Based Responsive Drug Delivery System
4.8.1 Phase Separation
4.8.2 Covalent Cross Linking
4.9 Chitosan-Based Targeted Drug Delivery System (TDDS)
4.10 Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery System
4.11 Route of Administration of Gene Therapy
4.12 Vectors in Gene Therapy
4.13 Chitosan as Gene Therapy Vector
4.14 Conclusion
References
5: Functional Chitosan Carriers for Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chitosan
5.2.1 Physicochemical Properties
5.2.2 Biological Properties
5.3 Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery
5.3.1 Mode of Delivery
5.3.2 Limitations
5.4 Chitosan Derivatives/Formulations in Oral Colon-Specific Delivery
5.4.1 Design Features
5.4.2 Preparation Methods of Chitosan-Based Oral Colon-Specific Drug Delivery System
5.4.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Outcomes
5.4.4 Unique Characteristics and Limitations
5.5 Future Perspectives
5.6 Conclusion
References
6: Chitosan-Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Concepts and Properties of Hydrogels
6.3 Strategies for Preparation of Hydrogels Based on Chitosan
6.3.1 Physical Crosslinking
6.3.2 Chemical Crosslinking
6.3.3 Interpenetrating and Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks
6.4 Drug-Loading Techniques
6.5 Chitosan Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Application
6.6 Mechanisms of Drug Release
6.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
7: Recent Advances in Chitosan-Based Systems for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Cancer and Anticancer Drugs
7.1.1.1 Cancer
7.1.1.2 Some Common Anticancer Drugs
7.1.2 Problems Associated in Using Anticancer Drugs
7.1.3 Common Drug Carrier Systems for Anticancer Drugs
7.2 Chitosan as an Anticancer Drug Carrier
7.2.1 Characteristic Properties of Chitosan
7.2.2 Preparation of Drug-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
7.2.3 Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticles
7.3 Modification of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Anticancer Therapies
7.4 Drug Release Studies with Chitosan Nanoparticles
References
8: Chitosan-Based Systems for Gene Delivery
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Introduction to Gene Therapy
8.1.2 Various Gene Delivery Systems and Methods
8.1.3 Viral Vectors vs Non-viral Vectors for Gene Therapy
8.2 Chitosan for Gene Delivery
8.2.1 Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan
8.2.2 Modifications of Chitosan
8.2.3 Mechanism of Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems
8.2.4 Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, and Stability of Chitosan-Based Systems
8.3 Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems
8.3.1 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles
8.3.2 Chitosan-Based DNA Vaccines
8.4 Challenges Associated with Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems
8.4.1 Factors Affecting Chitosan as a Gene Delivery Vector
8.4.2 Limitations of Chitosan-Based Gene Delivery Systems
8.4.3 Comparison of Chitosan with Other Gene Delivery Systems
8.5 Commercial and Investigational Applications of Chitosan-Based Gene Therapy
8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
9: Chitosan-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks: Drug Delivery Application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of IPNs
9.3 Advancement of Chitosan as IPN Component
9.4 Chitosan-Based IPNs as Drug Delivery Systems
9.4.1 Hydrogel
9.4.2 Microspheres/Microcomposites
9.4.3 Films
9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
10: Chitosan-Based Systems in Tissue Engineering
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Chitosan: Structure and Extraction
10.3 Bone Tissue Engineering
10.3.1 Chitosan-Synthetic Polymer Hybrid Scaffolds
10.3.2 Chitosan-Calcium Phosphate Hybrid Scaffolds
10.3.3 Chitosan-Bioactive Glass Hybrid Scaffolds
10.3.4 Chitosan-Hydroxyapatite Hybrid Scaffolds
10.4 Cartilage Tissue Engineering
10.4.1 Chitosan-Based Fibrous Scaffolds
10.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds
10.4.3 Chitosan-Based Composite Scaffolds
10.5 Liver Tissue Engineering
10.5.1 Chitosan-Collagen Matrices
10.5.2 Chitosan-Based Microfibers
10.6 Nerve Tissue Engineering
10.6.1 Chitosan-Based Membranes
10.6.2 Chitosan-Based Hydrogels
10.7 Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering
10.8 Conclusion
References
11: Chitosan-Based Nanoformulation as Carriers of Small Molecules for Tissue Regeneration
11.1 The Growth of Nanoformulations
11.2 Nanoformulations Based on Biomolecules
11.2.1 Biomolecule-Based Therapies
11.2.2 Biomolecules as Target Specificity Providers
11.3 Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems
11.4 Small Molecules for Regenerative Medicine
11.5 An Insight into the Challenges of Tissue Engineering
11.5.1 The Need for Tissue Engineering
11.5.2 Engineered Scaffolds
11.5.3 Three-Dimensional Scaffolds
11.5.4 Material Modification of Scaffolds
11.5.5 Hydrogels of Chitosan
11.5.6 Incorporation of Growth Factors in Hydrogels
11.5.7 Chitosan-Based Wound Healing Materials
11.6 Small Molecules Entrapped Chitosan-Based Matrices for Tissue Regeneration
11.7 Nano-Based Chitosan Platforms for Tissue Regeneration
11.7.1 Integration of Metal/Metal Oxide to Chitosan Matrices
11.7.2 Chitosan-Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Scaffolds
11.8 Current Challenges in the Use of Chitosan-Based Matrix
11.9 Future Role of Chitosan in Tissue Regeneration
11.9.1 3D Printed Scaffolds
References
12: Chitosan-Based Systems for Theranostic Applications
12.1 Theranostics: A Novel Approach to Combine Diagnosis, Treatment, and Subsequent Imaging
12.1.1 Concerns for Theranostic Systems
12.1.2 Materials Used in Theranostic Applications
12.1.2.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
12.1.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
12.1.2.3 Quantum Dots (QDs)
12.1.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
12.1.2.5 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
12.1.2.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Platform: Liposomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NL...
12.1.2.7 Dendrimers
12.2 Chitosan: A Programmable Polymer for Theranostic Applications
12.2.1 Advantages of Chitosan
12.2.2 Chitosan Structure and Properties
12.2.2.1 Chitosan Structure
12.2.2.2 Deacetylation/Acetylation Degree of Chitosan and Molecular Weight
12.2.2.3 Chitosan Solubility
12.2.2.4 Chitosan Properties
12.2.3 Chitosan Modification for Theranostics
12.2.4 Types of Chitosan-Based Systems for Theranostic Applications
12.2.4.1 Self-Assembled Nanoparticles
12.2.4.2 Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles
12.2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Nanocapsules
12.3 Chitosan in Clinical Applications: Key Challenges
12.3.1 Drug Delivery, Bioimaging, and Hyperthermia
12.3.2 Chitosan in Bioresponsive Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds
12.3.3 Bio-sensing Applications
12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
13: Grafted Chitosan Systems for Biomedical Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthesis of Grafted Chitosan
13.2.1 Grafting by Schiff Base Formation and Reductive Amination
13.2.2 Grafting by Amide Formation
13.2.3 Grafting by Click Reactions
13.2.4 Grafting by Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction
13.2.5 Grafting by Photoinitiation
13.2.6 Grafting Under Microwave Irradiation
13.2.7 Grafting by Cross-Linking Reaction
13.3 Properties of Grafted Chitosan
13.4 Nanocomposites of Grafted Chitosan
13.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Grafted Chitosan
13.6 Grafted Chitosan for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
13.7 Grafted Chitosan in DNA and Gene Therapy
13.8 Anticancer Activity and Release Mechanism of Drug and Protein
13.9 Biosensor Applications of Grafted Chitosan
13.10 Other Applications of Grafted Chitosan
13.11 Summary and Conclusion
References
14: Chitosan-Based Systems for Controlled Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for Biomedical Application
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Challenges of Topical Microbial Infections
14.3 Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent
14.3.1 In Vitro and In Vivo Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan
14.3.2 Antibacterial Mechanism of Action of Chitosan
14.4 Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) as Antimicrobial Agents
14.4.1 Classification of AMPs
14.4.2 Mechanisms of Action of AMP
14.4.3 Resistance to AMPs
14.4.4 AMPs: Activity Versus Toxicity Balance
14.4.5 Clinical Applications of AMPs
14.5 AMP-Chitosan Combination and Potential Synergies as Carriers
14.5.1 Chemical Modification of Chitosan Polymer
14.5.2 Chemical Coupling of Chitosan with AMPs
14.5.2.1 Chitosan-Anoplin
14.5.2.2 Chitosan-hLF-1-11
14.5.2.3 Chitosan-Nisin
14.5.2.4 Chitosan-Dhvar-5
14.5.2.5 Chitosan-HHC10
14.5.2.6 Chitosan-KLAK-PEG-GPLGVRGC
14.5.3 Chitosan as Carrier for AMPs
14.5.3.1 Chitosan-AMP-Based NPs
14.5.3.2 Chitosan-AMP-Based Membrane
14.6 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
15: Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Antibacterial Materials
15.2.1 Antibacterial Activity of Chitosan-Based System
15.2.2 History
15.2.3 Sources of Chitosan
15.2.4 Water Soluble
15.2.5 Derivatives of Chitosan
15.2.6 Degree of Deacetylation
15.3 Mechanism of Antibacterial Activity
15.4 Factors Affecting Antibacterial Property
15.4.1 Concentration of Chitosan
15.4.2 Molecular Weight
15.4.3 Positive Charge Density
15.4.4 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Characteristic
15.4.5 Chelating Capacity
15.4.6 pH
15.4.7 Ionic Strength
15.4.8 Physical State
15.4.8.1 Antimicrobial Activity in Soluble State
15.4.8.2 Antimicrobial Activity in Solid State
15.4.9 Temperature and Time
15.4.10 Microbial Factors
15.4.10.1 Microbial Species
15.4.10.2 Part of Microorganism
15.4.10.3 Cell Age
15.5 Complexes of Chitosan with Certain Materials
15.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Antibiotics or Other Microbicidal Substances
15.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan/Metal Nanocomposites
15.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles on Bacterial Biofilm
15.6 Applications of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan-Based Nanosystems
15.6.1 Wound Healing
15.6.2 Textile and Fabrics
15.6.3 Food Packaging
15.6.4 Application in Medical Industry
15.6.5 Antibacterial Coating
15.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References