Frontiers in Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction and Flow Simulation: Research from Lead Investigators Under Forty - 2023 (Modeling and Simulation in Science, Engineering and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Tayfun E. Tezduyar (editor)

• Publisher: Birkhäuser
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 580
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Computational fluid-structure interaction (FSI) and flow simulation are challenging research areas that bring solution and analysis to many classes of problems in science, engineering, and technology. Young investigators under the age of 40 are conducting much of the frontier research in these areas, some of which is highlighted in this volume. The first author of each chapter took the lead role in carrying out the research presented. Some of the topics explored include

• Direct flow simulation of objects represented by point clouds
• Computational investigation of leaflet flutter in thinner biological heart valve tissues
• High-fidelity simulation of hydrokinetic energy applications
• High-resolution isogeometric analysis of car and tire aerodynamics
• Computational analysis of air-blast-structure interaction
• Heart valve computational flow analysis with boundary layer and leaflet contact representation
• Computational thermalmulti-phase flow for metal additive manufacturing

This volume will be a valuable resource for early-career researchers and students ― not only those interested in computational FSI and flow simulation, but also other fields of engineering and science, including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, and computational mathematics – as it will provide them with inspiration and guidance for conducting their own successful research. It will also be of interest to senior researchers looking to learn more about successful research led by those under 40 and possibly offer collaboration to these researchers.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Immersed Coupling of Isogeometric Analysis and Peridynamics for Blast Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation
1 Introduction
2 Governing Equations of the Fluid Mechanics Problem
3 Governing Equations of the Structural Mechanics Problem
4 FSI Coupling
4.1 Strong Coupling
4.2 Weak Coupling
5 Numerical Examples: Comparison of Strong and Weak Coupling
5.1 Chamber Detonation
5.2 Ductile Solid Subjected to Internal Explosion
5.3 Brittle Solid Subjected to Internal Explosion
6 Application Example: Air Blast on Concrete Slabs
6.1 Point Charge Blast on a Thin Sample
6.2 Point Charge Blast on a Thick Sample
7 Conclusions
References
Computational Fluid–Structure Interaction Analysis of Passive Adaptive Blades in Turbomachinery Applications
1 Introduction
2 Governing Equations
2.1 Aerodynamics
2.2 Structural Mechanics
2.3 Interface and Boundary Conditions
3 FSI Formulation
4 Computations
4.1 Fan: 2D Study on the Periodic Cascade
4.1.1 Problem Setup
4.1.2 Results and Discussion
4.2 Wells Turbine: 2D Study on the Periodic Cascade
4.2.1 Problem Setup
4.2.2 Results and Discussion
4.3 Wells Turbine: 3D Study on the Periodic Sector
4.3.1 Problem Setup
4.3.2 Results and Discussion
5 Concluding Remarks
References
A Note on the Conservation Properties of the Generalized-α Method
1 Introduction
2 An Alternative Form of the Generalized-α Method
3 Application to the Advection-Diffusion Problem
4 Application to Systems of Conservation Laws
5 Discretization with Nonconservation Variables
6 Conclusion
References
Phase-Field Modeling for Flow Simulation
1 Introduction
2 Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard
2.1 Model Derivation
2.1.1 Balance Laws for Two-Component Fluid
2.1.2 Balance Laws for One Fluid Mixture
2.1.3 Constitutive Relations
2.1.4 Model Equations
2.2 Model Equation in Axisymmetric Cylindrical Coordinates
2.3 Variational Formulations
2.4 Numerical Methods
2.5 Results
3 Navier-Stokes-Korteweg
3.1 Thermally-Coupled Model Derivation
3.1.1 Balance Laws
3.1.2 Constitutive Relations
3.1.3 Model Equations
3.2 Variational Formulation
3.3 Results
3.3.1 Non-Isothermal Bubble Collapse
3.3.2 Cavitation in a Rotating Propeller
4 Dewetting Model
4.1 Model Derivation
4.2 Variational Formulation
4.3 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Direct Flow Simulation of Objects Represented by Point Clouds
1 Introduction
2 Immersogeometric Analysis
2.1 Incompressible Flow Formulation
2.2 Compressible Flow Formulation
2.3 Adaptive Quadrature Near Point Cloud Surface
3 Point Cloud Processing
3.1 Normal Computation
3.2 Surface Integration
3.3 Point Membership Classification
4 Validation Studies
4.1 Incompressible Flow Around a Point Cloud Sphere
4.1.1 Problem Setup
4.1.2 Point Cloud Convergence with Fixed Mesh
4.1.3 Mesh Convergence and Flow Validation
4.2 Buoyancy-Driven Flow
4.3 Compressible Flow over a Torpedo-Shaped Body
5 Flow over an Industrial Vehicle
5.1 Geometric Pre-Processing Accuracy
5.2 Problem Setup
5.3 Immersed Mesh Generation
5.4 Simulation Results
6 Conclusions
References
Recent Computational Investigations of Leaflet Flutter in Thinner Biological Heart Valve Tissues
1 Introduction
2 Computational Methods
2.1 Fluid–Structure Interaction Methodology
2.2 Shell Structural Formulation
2.3 Isolating Membrane and Flexural Stiffnesses
2.4 Simulation Setup
2.5 Results Analysis Methodologies
2.5.1 Geometric Orifice Area Calculation
2.5.2 Flutter Quantification Formulation
3 Leaflet Thickness Study
3.1 Valve Cases
3.2 FSI Simulation Results
3.3 Flutter Analysis
3.4 Discussion
4 Leaflet Membrane and Flexural Stiffness Study
4.1 Valve Cases
4.2 FSI Simulation Results
4.3 Flow Results
4.3.1 Valve Opening Area Results
4.3.2 Energy Efficiency Results
4.3.3 Strain Results
4.4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Code Generation for Isogeometric and Immersed Analysis: A Review of Methods and Applications
1 Introduction and Background
2 Code Generation and Isogeometric Analysis
3 Combining Code Generation and Custom Code
3.1 Case Study: Meshfree Nonlocal Contact Mechanics
3.2 Case Study: Immersogeometric Fluid–Thin Structure Interaction
4 Using Code Generation on Immersed Boundaries
4.1 Case Study: Non-Matching Shell Structures
4.2 Case Study: Interpolation-Based Immersion
5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Variational Multi-Scale Method for High-Fidelity Simulation of Hydrokinetic Energy Applications
1 Introduction
2 Variational Multi-Scale Formulation
2.1 Numerical Algorithms
3 Performance Analysis of a Vertical-Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine in In-Line Array Configuration
3.1 Performance Investigation of a Single 5kW Hydrokinetic Turbine
3.1.1 Grid Convergence Study
3.1.2 Experimental Validation
3.2 Performance Investigation of the In-Line Array Configuration
4 Vertical-Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine Under Extreme Cavitation Conditions
5 Performance Analysis of a Vertical-Axis Hydrokinetic Turbine with Different Blade-Strut Configurations Under Free Surface Effects
5.1 Computational Setup
5.2 Performance Comparison of Quarter-Struts and Tip-Struts Designs Under Deep Immersion
5.3 Effect of Shallow Immersion on Free-Surface Deformation and Turbine Performance
5.4 Differences in the Near-Wake Characteristics
6 Conclusions
References
Multiscale Space–Time Isogeometric Analysis of Car and Tire Aerodynamics with Road Contact and Tire Deformation: Full-Domain Computation to High-Resolution Tire-Domain Computations
1 Introduction
1.1 ST-VMS
1.2 ST-SI
1.3 ST-TC
1.4 ST-SI-TC
1.5 ST-IGA
1.6 ST-SI-IGA and ST-SI-TC-IGA
1.7 EBMR, ZSS, and Fiber-Reinforced Hyperelasticity
1.7.1 EBMR
1.7.2 Locally-Defined ZSS
1.7.3 Mesh Relaxation and Mesh Moving Based on Fiber-Reinforced Hyperelasticity and Optimized ZSS
1.8 Stabilization Parameters and Local Length Scales Targeting IGA Discretization
1.9 Complex-Geometry IGA Mesh Generation
1.10 MDM
1.11 Outline of the Remaining Sections
2 Mesh Generation
2.1 Mesh Refinement
2.2 NSVGMG
2.3 Mesh Relaxation
2.4 Volume Mesh Around a Tire
3 Computation Settings
3.1 Car and Tire Models
3.2 Problem Setup
3.3 CGD Mesh
3.4 CLD Meshes
3.4.1 CLD1
3.4.2 CLD2
3.4.3 CLD3
3.4.4 CLD1-TR and CLD3-TR Mesh Updates
3.5 Computational Conditions
4 Results
4.1 Flow Visualization Near the Car Body
4.2 Flow Visualization Near the Tires
5 Concluding Remarks
References
An Immersed Isogeometric-RKPM Framework for Air-Blast-Structure Interaction
1 Introduction
2 The Coupled ABSI Formulation
2.1 Compressible-Flow Formulation
2.2 Quasi-Linear Form of the Compressible-Flow Equations
2.3 Updated Lagrangian Formulation of an Inelastic Solid
2.4 Quasi-Linear Form of the Inelastic Solid Equations
2.5 Weak Form of the Coupled FSI Problem
3 Discrete Formulation and Algorithmic Aspects of the Coupled ABSI Problem
3.1 Stabilization of the Compressible-Flow Equations
3.2 Coupled ABSI Formulation at the Semi-discrete Level
3.3 Time Discretization
3.3.1 Predictor-Multicorrector Algorithm
3.4 Numerical Aspects of IGA-RKPM Coupling
4 Verification and Validation of the ABSI Framework
4.1 Sod Shock Tube Problem
4.2 Sedov Blast Problem
4.3 Taylor Bar Impact
4.4 Chamber Detonation
4.5 Shock Wave Impacting an Elastic Panel
5 Extension to Hyperbolic Phase Field Modeling of Brittle Fracture
5.1 Hyperbolic Phase Field Modeling of Brittle Fracture
5.2 Coupling of ABSI and Phase Field
5.3 Solid Constitutive Modeling
5.4 Numerical Implementation of the Coupled ABSI-Phase Field Problem
6 Numerical Examples
6.1 Blasting-Induced Fracture in PMMA Specimens
6.2 Detonation Enclosed in Hollow Square Block
6.3 Detonation Enclosed in Hollow Cylinder
7 Conclusion
References
Element Length Calculation for Isogeometric Discretization and Complex Geometries
1 Introduction
1.1 Stabilized and VMS Methods
1.2 DC Methods
1.3 Stabilized and VMS ST Computational Methods
1.4 ST Slip Interface Method
1.5 ST Isogeometric Analysis
1.6 Stabilization Parameters and Local Length Scales Targeting IGA Discretization
1.7 Outline of the Remaining Sections
2 Advection–Diffusion Equation
3 ST SUPG Method
4 Element Length
4.1 Element Metric Tensor in Space
4.2 Element Metric Tensor in the ST Framework
4.3 Stabilization Parameter for the Advection–Diffusion Equation
4.4 DC Parameter for the Advection–Diffusion Equation
5 Formulating D for B-spline Elements
5.1 RQD-MAX
5.2 RQD-MIN
5.3 RQD-EL
5.4 Extension to Multiple Dimensions
5.5 Extension to T-splines
6 Test Computations
6.1 Scaling Study in 1D
6.2 Advection Skew to the Mesh
6.3 Zalesak's Solid-Body Rotation Over a Square Domain
6.4 A Tsunami-Shelter Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)
7 Concluding Remarks
References
An Extended Kirchhoff–Love Shell Model with Out-of-Plane Normal Stress: Out-of-Plane Deformation
1 Introduction
2 Hyperelastic Shell Model
2.1 Kinematics
2.1.1 Deformation Gradient Tensor
2.1.2 Cauchy–Green Deformation Tensor
2.1.3 Green–Lagrange Strain Tensor
2.2 The Strain-Energy Density Function
3 Variational Formulation
3.1 Admissible Variations
3.2 Variation of the Strain Energy
3.3 Variation of the Kinetic Energy
3.4 The External Virtual Work
3.5 The Virtual Work in the Out-of-plane Direction and the Corresponding Strong Form
3.6 The Virtual Work for the Midsurface Deformation and the Corresponding Strong Form
4 Stress and Strain Distributions in the Out-of-plane Direction
5 Test Problem: Unidirectional Plate Bending
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Heart Valve Computational Flow Analysis with Boundary Layer and Leaflet Contact Representation
1 Introduction
2 ST-SUPS and ST-VMS
3 ST-SI
4 ST-TC
5 ST-SI-TC
6 ST-IGA
7 ST-SI-IGA and ST-SI-TC-IGA
8 Stabilization Parameters and Element Lengths Targeting IGA Discretization
9 CFP Traction
10 Test Computations with the CFP
10.1 Problem Setup and Analytical Solution
10.2 Meshes
10.3 Computational Conditions
10.4 Results
11 BHV Flow Computations
11.1 Geometry
11.2 Surface Meshes
11.3 Volume Mesh and Boundary Conditions
11.4 Computational Conditions
11.5 Results
12 Concluding Remarks
References
Scan-Based Immersed Isogeometric Flow Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Spline-Based Geometry Segmentation
2.1 B-spline Smoothing of the Scan Data
2.2 Octree-Based Tessellation Procedure
2.2.1 Octree Subdivision
2.2.2 Midpoint Tessellation
2.3 Topology Preservation
3 Immersed Isogeometric Flow Analysis
3.1 Immersed Analysis Setting
3.2 Stabilized Formulation
4 Adaptive Integration of Cut Elements
4.1 Integration Error Estimate
4.2 Quadrature Optimization Algorithm
4.3 Optimized Quadrature Results
5 Adaptive THB-spline Refinement
5.1 Residual-Based Error Estimation
5.2 Mesh Adaptivity Algorithm
5.3 Mesh Adaptivity Results
6 Scan-Based Flow Simulations
7 Concluding Remarks
References
Advanced IGA Mesh Generation and Application to Structural Vibrations
1 Introduction
2 Technical Approach
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.2 Core Methods
2.3 Mesh Quality Performance
3 Numerical Results
3.1 Unit Cube
3.2 Thin Shell Structure
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Computational Thermal Multi-phase Flow for Metal Additive Manufacturing
1 Introduction
2 Computational Methods
2.1 Level Set Method
2.1.1 PDE-based Re-initialization
2.1.2 Geometry-based Re-initialization
2.2 Governing Equations of Thermal Multi-Phase Flows
2.2.1 Property Evaluation
2.2.2 Navier-Stokes Equations of Multi-Phase Flows
2.2.3 Energy Equation
2.3 Ray Tracing for Multiple Laser Reflections
2.4 Variational Multiscale Formulation
2.5 Time Integration
2.6 Fully-Coupled Linear Solver and Recursive Preconditioning
2.7 Mass Fixing
2.8 Implementation Details
3 Benchmark Examples
3.1 PDE-Based Re-distancing VS Geometry-Based Re-distancing
3.1.1 3D Zalesak Problem
3.1.2 Static Bubble
3.2 Laser Spot Weld Pool Flows
4 Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Experimental Validation
4.1 Static Laser Melting
4.2 Moving Laser Melting
5 Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
5.1 Deposit Geometry
5.2 Direct Energy Deposition of SS-316L
6 Conclusion
References