Fracture Sonography. A Comprehensive Clinical Guide

✍ Scribed by Ole Ackermann (ed.)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2019
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 163
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Part I: Introduction
1: Device Requirements
1.1 Personal Requirements
1.1.1 Competence in Ultrasound
1.1.2 Experience in X-ray Diagnostics
1.1.3 Experience in Fracture Treatment
1.1.4 Training in Fracture Sonography
1.1.4.1 Theoretical and Scientific Foundations
1.1.4.2 Indications
1.1.4.3 Practical Application of the Technology
1.1.4.4 Detect a Fracture
1.1.4.5 Training of Image Diagnosis and Review of Documentation
1.2 Radiographs
2: Documentation and Artifacts
2.1 Phenomena and Artefacts
2.1.1 Phenomena
2.1.2 Artefacts
2.2 Phenomena
2.2.1 Phenomenon of Reflex Reversal
2.2.2 The Phenomenon of the Changing Reflex
2.2.3 The Phenomenon of Pseudo-usur
2.3 Artefacts
2.3.1 Repetition Artefact
2.3.2 Coupling Artefact
2.3.3 Arc Artefact
2.4 Posterior Acoustic Enhancement
2.5 Acoustic Shadowing
2.6 Documentation
2.7 Image Editing
2.8 Pseudo-fractures in the Ultrasound Image
2.8.1 Epiphyseal Hook
2.8.2 Pseudo Fracture/Deletion
Part II: Special Indications
3: Skullcap
3.1 Synopsis
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Indication
3.4 Contraindications and Indications to Other Imaging Procedures
3.5 Investigation
3.5.1 Technical Requirements
3.5.2 Positioning
3.5.3 Section Plane
3.5.4 Setting
3.5.5 Assessment and Diagnosis
3.5.6 Therapy and Controls
3.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
3.6.1 Open Skull Sutures
3.6.2 External Hematomas and Mirror Artifacts
3.6.3 Connatal Cranial Impression
3.6.4 Systemic Diseases
References
AWMF Leitlinie: Das Schädel-Hirn-Trauma im Kindesalter
Accurary of Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Diagnosis of Skull Fractures in Children
Accuracy of Clinician-Performed Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Fractures in Children and Young Adults
Ability of Emergency Ultrasonography to Detect Pediatric Skull Fractures in Children: A Prospective, Observational Study
Ultrasound Evaluation of Skull Fractures in Children: A Feasibility Study
4: Fractures of the Clavicle
4.1 Synopsis
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Indication
4.4 Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
4.5 Investigation
4.5.1 Patient’s Positioning
4.5.2 Section Levels
4.5.3 Setting
4.5.4 Assessment
4.5.5 Diagnosis
4.5.6 Therapy and Controls
4.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
Further Reading
5: Acromioclavicular Joint Instability
5.1 Synopsis
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Assessment of Vertical Instability
5.2.2 Assessment of Horizontal Instability
5.2.3 Diagnostic Value of Weight-Bearing Examinations
5.3 Indication and Patient Age
5.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Evaluation
5.5 Examination Procedure
5.5.1 Assessment
5.5.2 Diagnosis
5.5.3 Treatment and Follow-up
5.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
5.6.1 Horizontal Instability
5.6.2 Accompanying Fracture
5.6.3 Epiphyseal Injuries
References
6: Proximal Humerus
6.1 Synopsis
6.2 Introduction
6.3 Indication Including Patient Age
6.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
6.4.1 Investigation
6.4.2 Positioning
6.4.3 Levels
6.4.4 Examination Procedure
6.4.5 Evaluation
6.4.6 Diagnosis
6.5 Therapy and Controls
6.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
6.6.1 Pathological Fracture
6.6.2 Systemic Diseases
6.6.3 Increasing Pain/Spontaneous Expression of Pain
Further Reading
Formula for the Projection of the Axis Deviation
Problem of Measuring the Axis Deviation in the X-ray Image, Superiority of Sonography to X-ray Imaging when Measuring the Axis Deviation
Shoulder SAFE
7: Screening for Elbow Fractures
7.1 Synopsis
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Indications
7.4 Contraindications to Ultrasound Diagnostics
7.5 Examination
7.5.1 Positioning
7.5.2 Levels
7.5.3 Evaluation
7.5.4 Diagnosis
7.5.5 Therapy and Controls
7.6 Elbow-SAFE
7.7 Pitfalls and Red Flags
References
Sonographic Fracture Diagnosis on the Child’s Elbow
Further Reading
A Positive Posterior Fat Sign Indicates a Fracture
A Negative Fat Pad Sign Is Very Likely to Rule Out a Fracture
Ultrasound Is more Sensitive to SOFA than X-rays
8: Distal Forearm
8.1 Synopsis
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Indication
8.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
8.5 Examination
8.5.1 Positioning
8.5.2 Sections
8.5.3 Setting
8.5.4 Assessment
8.5.5 Diagnosis
8.5.6 Therapy and Controls
8.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
8.6.1 Ulna from Volar
8.6.2 Undislocated Epiphysiolysis
8.6.3 Carpal Injury
8.6.4 Proximal Forearm Injuries
8.6.5 Systemic Diseases
8.6.6 Increasing Pain/Spontaneous Expression of Pain
Further Reading
False-Negative Results Are Balanced in X-ray and Sono
First Major Comparative Examination of X-ray/Sonography
Meta-analysis of Fracture Sonography on the Wrist
Exam Time and Cost Analysis
Wrist SAFE
Fracture Sonography on the Wrist Is Less Painful than the X-ray Examination
9: Subcapital Fracture of Fifth Metacarpal
9.1 Synopsis
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Indication Including Patient Age
9.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
9.5 Investigation
9.5.1 Positioning
9.5.2 Levels
9.5.3 Setting
9.5.4 Assessment
9.5.5 Diagnosis
9.5.6 Therapy and Controls
9.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
9.6.1 Red Flags
10: Injury to the PIP Joint of the Fingers: Fibrocartilago Palmaris
10.1 Synopsis
10.2 Introduction
10.3 Indication
10.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnosis
10.5 Examination
10.5.1 Positioning
10.5.2 Views
10.5.3 Setting
10.5.4 Assessment
10.5.5 Therapy and Controls
10.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
10.6.1 Open Epiphyseal Plate
10.6.2 Shaft Fractures
10.6.3 Injuries to the Ring Bands
10.6.4 Severe or Increasing Pain
References
11: Sternoclavicular Dislocation
11.1 Synopsis
11.2 Introduction
11.3 Indication Including Patient Age
11.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
11.5 Investigation
11.5.1 Positioning
11.5.2 Levels
11.5.3 Setting
11.5.4 Assessment
11.5.5 Diagnosis
11.5.6 Therapy and Controls
11.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
12: Rib and Sternal Fractures
12.1 Synopsis
12.2 Introduction
12.3 Indication Including Patient Age
12.4 Contraindications and Indications
12.5 Examination
12.5.1 Positioning
12.5.2 Sonographic Views
12.5.3 Setting
12.5.4 Assessment
12.5.5 Diagnosis
12.5.5.1 Rib Fracture
12.5.5.2 Sternum Fracture
12.5.5.3 Rib Contusion
12.5.5.4 Lung Contusion
12.5.5.5 Hematoma
12.5.5.6 Pneumothorax
12.5.5.7 Pleural Effusion
12.5.5.8 Atelectasis
12.5.5.9 Diaphragm
12.5.5.10 Differential Diagnosis, Osteolysis
12.5.5.11 Use of Trauma Sonography in the Emergency Room
12.5.6 Therapy and Controls
12.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
12.6.1 Red Flags
References
13: Sonographic Diagnosis of Pneumothorax
13.1 Synopsis
13.2 Introduction
13.3 Artifacts from Lung Ultrasound
13.3.1 Lung Sliding
13.3.2 Lung Pulse
13.3.3 B Lines
13.3.4 Lung Point
13.4 Indication
13.5 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnosis
13.6 Examination
13.6.1 Positioning
13.6.2 Probe Alignment and Regions of Examination
13.6.3 Setting
13.6.4 Assessment
13.6.5 Diagnosis
13.6.6 Therapy and Controls
13.7 Pitfalls and Red Flags
References
14: Distal Femoral Fracture
14.1 Synopsis
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Indication Including Patient Age
14.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
14.5 Investigation
14.5.1 Positioning
14.5.2 Levels
14.5.3 Setting
14.5.4 Assessment
14.5.5 Diagnosis
14.5.6 Therapy and Controls
14.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
14.6.1 Red Flags
15: Proximal Tibial Fracture
15.1 Synopsis
15.2 Introduction
15.3 Indication Including Patient Age
15.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
15.5 Examination
15.5.1 Positioning
15.5.2 Levels
15.5.3 Setting
15.5.4 Assessment
15.5.5 Diagnosis
15.5.6 Therapy and Controls
15.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
15.6.1 Red Flags
16: Outer Ligament Tear at the Upper Ankle and Syndesmotic Tear at the Upper Ankle: “Lateral Collateral Ligament and Lateral Chain”
16.1 Synopsis
16.2 Introduction
16.3 Indication
16.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
16.5 Examination
16.5.1 Positioning
16.5.2 Levels
16.5.3 Setting
16.5.4 Assessment
16.5.5 Diagnosis
16.5.6 Therapy and Controls
16.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
References
Comparative Examination X-ray/Sonography/Surgical Findings/MRI
Textbook Contributions Sonography Ligament Injuries/Instability Ankle and Foot
Diagnostic and Treatment Concepts, Review Articles
Anatomical and Biomechanical Basics
Further Reading
17: Fractures of Fifth Metatarsal
17.1 Synopsis
17.2 Introduction
17.3 Indication Including Patient Age
17.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
17.5 Examination
17.5.1 Positioning
17.5.2 Levels
17.5.3 Setting
17.5.4 Assessment
17.5.5 Diagnosis
17.5.6 Therapy and Controls
17.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
18: Fractures of the Foot
18.1 Synopsis
18.2 Introduction
18.3 Indication
18.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
18.5 Examination
18.5.1 Patients Positioning
18.5.2 Section Levels
18.5.3 Setting
18.5.4 Assessment
18.5.5 Diagnosis
18.5.6 Therapy and Controls
18.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
Further Reading
19: Screening for Lower Extremity Fractures
19.1 Synopsis
19.2 Introduction
19.3 Indication
19.4 Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
19.5 Examination
19.5.1 Positioning
19.5.2 Views
19.5.3 Assessment
19.5.4 Diagnosis and Therapy
19.5.5 Controls
19.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
Further Reading
Part III: General Indications
20: Position Controls
20.1 Synopsis
20.2 Introduction
20.3 Indication Including Patient Age
20.4 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
20.4.1 Articular Fractures
20.4.2 Multi-fragment Fractures
20.4.3 Material Instability
20.4.4 Infection Situation
20.4.5 Consolidation Controls
20.4.6 Examination
20.4.7 Positioning
20.4.8 Levels
20.5 Examination
20.6 Evaluation
20.6.1 Examples
20.7 Diagnosis
20.8 Pitfalls and Red Flags
20.8.1 Comparison with the Last Finding
20.8.2 Documentation
20.8.3 Increasing Pain
20.8.4 Infection and Material Failure
20.8.5 Articular Fractures
Further Reading
Axial Deviations Can Be Represented Well Sonographically
Ultrasound-Based Reduction of Fractures
Shaft Fractures Can Be Visualized Very Well (Including Meta-analysis)
Very Good Sensitivity for Ankle Fractures
21: Callus Display with Ultrasound
21.1 Synopsis
21.2 History
21.3 Secondary Fracture Healing
21.4 Stages of Fracture Healing
21.4.1 Stage 1, Day 0–10
21.4.2 Stage 2, Days 11–19
21.4.3 Stage 3, Days 20–35
21.4.4 Stage 4, Days 36–49)
21.4.5 Stage 5, Days 50–89
21.4.6 Stage 6, Days 90–140
21.4.6.1 Indications and Patient Age
21.4.6.2 Contraindications and Indications for X-ray Diagnostics
21.5 Examination
21.5.1 Positioning
21.5.2 Levels
21.5.3 Setting
21.5.4 Assessment
21.5.5 Diagnosis, Controls
21.5.6 Therapy
21.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
21.7 Conclusion for Practice
References
22: Nonunions
22.1 Synopsis
22.2 Introduction
22.3 Indication
22.4 Contraindications
22.5 Examination
22.5.1 Setup
22.5.2 Sections and Planes
22.5.3 Overall Process
22.6 Quantification and Assessment
References
23: Stress Fractures
23.1 Synopsis
23.2 Introduction
23.3 Development of a Stress Fracture
23.4 Indication, Patients
23.4.1 Contraindication
23.5 Examination Technique and Course
23.5.1 Positioning
23.5.2 Views
23.5.3 Setting
23.5.4 Assessment, Diagnosis, Therapy
23.6 Pitfalls and Red Flags
References
Part IV: Starting in Practice
24: Guide to Introduction to Everyday Clinical Practice
24.1 The Doctor Starts
24.2 Introduction to Practice
24.3 Introduction to the Clinic
Index