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Foundation mathematics for computer science. A visual approach

✍ Scribed by Vince J


Publisher
Springer
Year
2020
Tongue
English
Leaves
416
Edition
2
Category
Library

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✦ Table of Contents


Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
1.1 Visual Brains Versus Analytic Brains......Page 18
1.3 What Makes Mathematics Difficult?......Page 19
1.5 Symbols and Notation......Page 20
2.2 Counting......Page 22
2.3 Sets of Numbers......Page 23
2.4 Zero......Page 24
2.5 Negative Numbers......Page 25
2.5.1 The Arithmetic of Positive and Negative Numbers......Page 26
2.6.2 Associative Law......Page 27
2.7.1 Background......Page 28
2.7.2 Octal Numbers......Page 29
2.7.4 Hexadecimal Numbers......Page 30
2.7.5 Adding Binary Numbers......Page 34
2.7.6 Subtracting Binary Numbers......Page 35
2.8.2 Integers......Page 36
2.8.6 Algebraic and Transcendental Numbers......Page 37
2.8.7 Imaginary Numbers......Page 38
2.8.8 Complex Numbers......Page 39
2.8.9 Quaternions and Octonions......Page 40
2.8.10 Transcendental and Algebraic Numbers......Page 41
2.9 Prime Numbers......Page 42
2.9.1 The Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic......Page 43
2.9.3 Prime Number Distribution......Page 44
2.9.4 Infinity of Primes......Page 45
2.9.5 Perfect Numbers......Page 46
2.10 Infinity......Page 47
2.11.2 Binary Subtraction......Page 48
2.11.4 Complex Rotation......Page 49
References......Page 50
3.2 Background......Page 51
3.3 Notation......Page 52
3.3.1 Solving the Roots of a Quadratic Equation......Page 54
3.4 Indices......Page 57
3.5 Logarithms......Page 58
3.7 Functions......Page 60
3.7.2 Function Notation......Page 61
3.7.3 Intervals......Page 62
3.7.4 Function Domains and Ranges......Page 63
3.7.5 Odd and Even Functions......Page 64
3.7.6 Power Functions......Page 65
3.8.1 Algebraic Manipulation......Page 66
3.8.2 Solving a Quadratic Equation......Page 67
3.8.3 Factorising......Page 69
4.2 Background......Page 70
4.3.1 Logical Connectives......Page 71
4.4.1 Material Equivalence......Page 72
4.4.2 Implication......Page 73
4.4.6 Exclusive Disjunction......Page 74
4.4.7 Idempotence......Page 75
4.4.8 Commutativity......Page 76
4.4.9 Associativity......Page 77
4.4.11 de Morgan's Laws......Page 78
4.4.12 Simplification......Page 79
4.4.14 Contradiction......Page 80
4.4.18 Contrapositive......Page 81
4.4.19 Reductio Ad Absurdum......Page 82
4.4.20 Modus Ponens......Page 83
4.4.21 Proof by Cases......Page 84
4.5 Set Theory......Page 85
4.5.2 Membership and Cardinality of a Set......Page 86
4.5.4 Set Building......Page 87
4.5.5 Union......Page 88
4.5.7 Relative Complement......Page 89
4.5.8 Absolute Complement......Page 90
4.6.2 Set Building......Page 91
4.6.4 Power Set......Page 93
5.2 Permutations......Page 94
5.3 Permutations of Multisets......Page 97
5.4 Combinations......Page 98
5.5.1 Eight-Permutations of a Multiset......Page 100
5.5.2 Eight-Permutations of a Multiset......Page 101
5.5.5 Hand Shakes with 100 People......Page 102
5.5.6 Permutations of MISSISSIPPI......Page 103
6.2 Definition and Notation......Page 104
6.2.2 Dependent Events......Page 106
6.2.3 Mutually Exclusive Events......Page 107
6.2.5 Probability Using Combinations......Page 108
6.3.1 Product of Probabilities......Page 110
6.3.5 Two Dice Sum to 7......Page 111
6.3.9 Selecting Cards......Page 112
6.3.11 Forming Teams......Page 113
6.3.12 Dealing Five Cards......Page 114
7.2 Informal Definition......Page 115
7.4 Congruence......Page 116
7.6 Arithmetic Operations......Page 117
7.6.1 Sums of Numbers......Page 118
7.6.3 Multiplying by a Constant......Page 119
7.6.5 Multiplicative Inverse......Page 120
7.6.6 Modulo a Prime......Page 122
7.6.7 Fermat's Little Theorem......Page 123
7.7.1 ISBN Parity Check......Page 124
7.7.2 IBAN Check Digits......Page 127
7.8.2 Sums of Numbers......Page 129
7.8.4 Multiplicative Inverse......Page 130
7.8.6 ISBN Check Digit......Page 131
References......Page 132
8.3 Units of Angular Measurement......Page 133
8.4 The Trigonometric Ratios......Page 134
8.5 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios......Page 137
8.6 Trigonometric Identities......Page 139
8.8 The Cosine Rule......Page 140
8.9 Compound-Angle Identities......Page 141
8.9.1 Double-Angle Identities......Page 142
8.9.2 Multiple-Angle Identities......Page 143
8.10 Perimeter Relationships......Page 144
9.2 Background......Page 146
9.4 Function Graphs......Page 147
9.5.1 2D Polygons......Page 148
9.5.2 Areas of Shapes......Page 149
9.7 3D Cartesian Coordinates......Page 150
9.7.1 Theorem of Pythagoras in 3D......Page 151
9.9 Spherical Polar Coordinates......Page 152
9.10 Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 153
9.11 Barycentric Coordinates......Page 154
9.13.1 Area of a Shape......Page 155
9.13.3 Polar Coordinates......Page 156
9.13.5 Cylindrical Coordinates......Page 157
Reference......Page 158
10.2 Background......Page 159
10.3 Linear Equations with Two Variables......Page 160
10.4 Linear Equations with Three Variables......Page 164
10.4.1 Sarrus's Rule......Page 170
10.5.3 Value of a Determinant......Page 171
10.5.4 Properties of Determinants......Page 173
10.6.2 Complex Determinant......Page 174
10.6.4 Simultaneous Equations......Page 175
11.2 Background......Page 177
11.3.1 Vector Notation......Page 178
11.3.2 Graphical Representation of Vectors......Page 179
11.3.3 Magnitude of a Vector......Page 180
11.4 3D Vectors......Page 181
11.4.2 Scaling a Vector......Page 182
11.4.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction......Page 183
11.4.4 Position Vectors......Page 184
11.4.6 Cartesian Vectors......Page 185
11.4.8 Scalar Product......Page 186
11.4.9 The Vector Product......Page 188
11.5 Deriving a Unit Normal Vector for a Triangle......Page 193
11.6 Surface Areas......Page 194
11.6.1 Calculating 2D Areas......Page 195
11.7.3 Vector Magnitude......Page 196
11.7.5 Vector Product......Page 197
Reference......Page 198
12.2.1 Complex Numbers......Page 199
12.3.1 Algebraic Laws......Page 200
12.3.2 Complex Conjugate......Page 202
12.3.3 Complex Division......Page 204
12.3.4 Powers of i......Page 205
12.3.5 Rotational Qualities of i......Page 206
12.3.6 Modulus and Argument......Page 208
12.3.7 Complex Norm......Page 210
12.3.8 Complex Inverse......Page 211
12.3.9 Complex Exponentials......Page 212
12.3.10 de Moivre's Theorem......Page 216
12.3.11 nth Root of Unity......Page 218
12.3.12 nth Roots of a Complex Number......Page 219
12.3.13 Logarithm of a Complex Number......Page 220
12.3.14 Raising a Complex Number to a Complex Power......Page 221
12.3.15 Visualising Simple Complex Functions......Page 224
12.3.16 The Hyperbolic Functions......Page 227
12.4 Summary......Page 228
12.5.3 Complex Division......Page 229
12.5.5 Polar Notation......Page 230
12.5.7 Magnitude of a Complex Number......Page 231
12.5.10 de Moivre's Theorem......Page 232
12.5.12 Roots of a Complex Number......Page 234
12.5.14 Raising a Number to a Complex Power......Page 235
References......Page 236
13.2 Geometric Transforms......Page 237
13.3 Transforms and Matrices......Page 239
13.4.2 Square Matrix......Page 242
13.4.6 Unit Matrix......Page 243
13.4.7 Trace......Page 244
13.4.9 Transpose......Page 245
13.4.10 Symmetric Matrix......Page 246
13.4.11 Antisymmetric Matrix......Page 248
13.5.1 Scalar Multiplication......Page 250
13.6.1 Row and Column Vectors......Page 251
13.6.2 Row Vector and a Matrix......Page 252
13.6.4 Square Matrices......Page 253
13.6.5 Rectangular Matrices......Page 254
13.7 Inverse Matrix......Page 255
13.7.1 Inverting a Pair of Matrices......Page 261
13.8 Orthogonal Matrix......Page 262
13.10.1 Matrix Inversion......Page 263
13.10.2 Identity Matrix......Page 264
13.10.3 Solving Two Equations Using Matrices......Page 265
13.10.4 Solving Three Equations Using Matrices......Page 266
13.10.6 Solving Three Complex Equations......Page 267
13.10.7 Solving Two Complex Equations......Page 268
13.10.8 Solving Three Complex Equations......Page 269
14.2 Matrix Transforms......Page 271
14.2.1 2D Translation......Page 272
14.2.2 2D Scaling......Page 273
14.2.3 2D Reflections......Page 275
14.2.4 2D Shearing......Page 276
14.2.5 2D Rotation......Page 277
14.2.7 2D Reflection......Page 280
14.2.8 2D Rotation About an Arbitrary Point......Page 281
14.3.1 3D Translation......Page 282
14.3.3 3D Rotation......Page 283
14.3.4 Rotating About an Axis......Page 286
14.4.1 Matrices......Page 288
14.5 Determinant of a Transform......Page 291
14.6 Perspective Projection......Page 292
14.7.1 2D Scale and Translate......Page 294
14.7.2 2D Rotation......Page 295
14.7.4 Determinant of the Shear Transform......Page 296
14.7.6 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis......Page 297
14.7.7 3D Rotation Transform Matrix......Page 298
14.7.8 Perspective Projection......Page 299
15.2 Background......Page 300
15.3 Small Numerical Quantities......Page 301
15.4.1 Quadratic Function......Page 302
15.4.2 Cubic Equation......Page 304
15.4.3 Functions and Limits......Page 305
15.4.4 Graphical Interpretation of the Derivative......Page 307
15.4.5 Derivatives and Differentials......Page 308
15.4.6 Integration and Antiderivatives......Page 309
15.5 Function Types......Page 310
15.6.1 Sums of Functions......Page 311
15.6.2 Function of a Function......Page 313
15.6.3 Function Products......Page 317
15.6.4 Function Quotients......Page 320
15.7 Differentiating Implicit Functions......Page 322
15.8.1 Exponential Functions......Page 325
15.8.2 Logarithmic Functions......Page 328
15.9.1 Differentiating tan......Page 329
15.9.2 Differentiating csc......Page 331
15.9.3 Differentiating sec......Page 332
15.9.4 Differentiating cot......Page 333
15.9.5 Differentiating arcsin, arccos and arctan......Page 334
15.10 Differentiating Hyperbolic Functions......Page 335
15.10.1 Differentiating sinh, cosh and tanh......Page 337
15.11 Higher Derivatives......Page 338
15.12 Higher Derivatives of a Polynomial......Page 339
15.13 Identifying a Local Maximum or Minimum......Page 341
15.14 Partial Derivatives......Page 343
15.14.1 Visualising Partial Derivatives......Page 346
15.14.2 Mixed Partial Derivatives......Page 347
15.15 Chain Rule......Page 349
15.16 Total Derivative......Page 351
15.17 Power Series......Page 353
15.18.1 Antiderivative 1......Page 355
15.18.4 Differentiating a Function Product......Page 356
15.18.6 Differentiating a General Implicit Function......Page 357
15.18.7 Local Maximum or Minimum......Page 358
15.18.9 Mixed Partial Derivative 1......Page 359
15.18.11 Total Derivative......Page 360
16.2 Indefinite Integral......Page 362
16.3.1 Continuous Functions......Page 363
16.3.2 Difficult Functions......Page 364
16.4 Trigonometric Identities......Page 365
16.4.1 Exponent Notation......Page 367
16.4.2 Completing the Square......Page 368
16.4.3 The Integrand Contains a Derivative......Page 370
16.4.4 Converting the Integrand into a Series of Fractions......Page 371
16.4.5 Integration by Parts......Page 372
16.4.6 Integration by Substitution......Page 377
16.4.7 Partial Fractions......Page 379
16.6 Calculating Areas......Page 381
16.7 Positive and Negative Areas......Page 389
16.8 Area Between Two Functions......Page 391
16.9 Areas with the y-Axis......Page 393
16.10 Area with Parametric Functions......Page 394
16.11 The Riemann Sum......Page 396
16.12.1 Integrating a Function Containing Its Own Derivative......Page 397
16.12.2 Dividing an Integral into Several Integrals......Page 398
16.12.4 Integrating by Parts 2......Page 399
16.12.6 Integrating by Substitution 2......Page 401
16.12.8 Integrating with Partial Fractions......Page 403
Appendix A Limit of (sinΞΈ)/ΞΈ......Page 405
Appendix B Integrating cosnΞΈ......Page 408
Index......Page 410


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