In fish retinas, cone photoreceptor cells are arranged in two-dimensional regular patterns, called cone mosaics. In the zebrafish retina, four subtypes of cone cells, which are maximally sensitive to different wavelengths of light, appear in quasi-periodic patterns. The pattern formation mechanism i
Formation of Cone Mosaic of Zebrafish Retina
โ Scribed by SHUSAKU TOHYA; ATSUSHI MOCHIZUKI; YOH IWASA
- Publisher
- Elsevier Science
- Year
- 1999
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 600 KB
- Volume
- 200
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0022-5193
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
โฆ Synopsis
In the zebra"sh retina, four types of cone photoreceptor cells (or cones) with di!erent sensitive frequencies are arranged in a regular pattern, named &&cone mosaic''. A pair of small cones, one sensitive to red and the other sensitive to green, is in close contact and forms a &&double cone''. In addition, there are two kinds of single cones, sensitive to blue and to UV, respectively. We study characteristics of cell-di!erentiation rules that realize stable formation of cone mosaic. Assumptions are: undi!erentiated cells are arranged in a regular square lattice, and they are one of the three types (B, U, and D cells). A D cell has two parts (G and R-parts) and takes one of the four directions. The cells change their cell type and orientation following a continuoustime Markovian chain. The state transtion occurs faster if it increases the stabilities of the focal cell, in which the stability is the sum of a$nities with neighboring cells. After the transient period, the system may reach a stable pattern (pre-pattern). The pattern becomes "xed later when the cells are fully di!erentiated in which B cells, U cells, and D cells become bluesensitive, UV-sensitive, and double cones, respectively. We search for the combinations of a$nities between cell states that can generate the same cone mosaic patterns as in zerbra"sh retina. Successful transition rules give (1) zero or small a$nity with the pairs of cell states that are absent in the zebra"sh cone mosaic ( 30, % and the contact of two cells of the same type); (2) a large a$nity between a part of D cells and a non-D cell ( 3% and 0 ); and (3) a positive a$nity of an intermediate magnitude between two non-D cells ( 3) and between two parts of D cells ( %0). The latter should be of a magnitude of about 60}90% of the former. The time needed to form a regular pattern increases with the lattice size if all the cells start pre-pattern formation simultaneously. However, the convergence time is shortened considerably if the pre-pattern formation occurs only in a narrow band of morphogenetic cell layer that sweeps from one end of the lattice to the other.
๐ SIMILAR VOLUMES
We study characteristics of cell-differentiation rules that realize stable formation of regularly arranged checker-board patterns, exemplified by cone "mosaic" zebrafish retina, or the regular arrangement of cone photoreceptor cells. We consider the situation in which cells are arranged on a square