This collection and its many detailed case studies are held together by the critical reexamination which Ash, Fischer, Fleming, and Söllner in particular make of the methods used and assumptions made by the first generation of scholars who studied the intellectual emigration caused by the Third Reich. For example, one cannot assume that all the younger migrants would have stayed in Germany except for Hitler. Many young scientists, although almost certainly fewer and far more gradually, would have moved from Europe to the United States for at least part of their careers. It is also problematic to analyze this emigration in terms of "loss and gain" of intellectual capital, and especially to suppose that the contributions made by the émigrés was what was "lost" by German culture. As this collection makes clear, this forced migration made possible careers and innovations in the United States and Britain that might not have been possible in Central Europe. The connection between emigration and scientific change is often assumed, when instead it should be demonstrated. Indeed it is not even clear that this "exodus of reason" necessarily led to significant scientific change, or how this change should be characterized. Finally, although this collection deals with the specific, unique phenomenon of National Socialism, the questions asked and answered by the contributors also apply quite generally to scientists and professionals migrating from one culture to another.