Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes Handbook: The Definitive User's Guide

✍ Scribed by Laurence W. McKeen

• Publisher: William Andrew
• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 398
• Series: Plastics Design Library Fluorocarbon
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The Handbook of Fluorinated Coatings and Finishes: The Definitive User's Guide is both a reference and a tutorial for understanding fluoropolymer coatings. It discusses the basics of fluorocoating formulations, including ingredients and production processes. Also covered are the coating and curing processes, and defects and trouble-shooting solutions when things do not work as expected, testing performance, and sample commercial applications. It addresses important questions frequently posed by end-user design engineers, coaters, and coatings suppliers in their quest for superior product qualities and shorter product and process development time.

✦ Table of Contents

Front Matter......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 6
PDL Fluorocarbon Series Editor's Preface......Page 16
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 20
1.2 The Discovery of Fluoropolymers......Page 22
1.3.1.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)......Page 23
1.3.1.3 Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) Polymers......Page 25
1.3.1.4 Teflon AF®......Page 26
1.3.2 Partially Fluorinated Polymers......Page 27
1.3.2.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)......Page 28
1.3.2.3 Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)......Page 29
1.3.2.6 Fluoroalkyl Modified Polymers......Page 30
1.4 Comparison of Fluoropolymer Properties......Page 31
References......Page 34
2.2.2 Synthesis of Hexafluoropropylene......Page 36
2.2.4 Properties of Monomers......Page 37
2.3 Polymerization......Page 38
2.3.1 Polymerization of Homofluoropolymer PTFE......Page 39
2.3.3 Core-Shell Polymerization......Page 41
2.3.5 Endgroups......Page 42
2.4.1 Dispersion Concentration......Page 43
2.4.2 Commercial Dispersions and Properties......Page 44
2.4.3 Fine Powder Production......Page 47
2.4.4 PTFE Micropowder Production......Page 48
2.4.4.1 Production of Fluoroadditives by Electron Beam Irradiation......Page 49
2.4.4.3 Regulatory Compliance......Page 50
2.4.4.4 Commercial Micropowder Products......Page 51
2.4.7 Spray Sintering......Page 54
References......Page 55
3.3 Important Properties of Liquid Coatings......Page 58
3.3.1 Rheology/Viscosity......Page 59
References......Page 65
4.2 Adhesion......Page 66
4.3.1 Polyamide/Imide (PAI)......Page 67
4.3.4 Polyimide (PI)......Page 70
4.3.6 Polyetherimide (PEI)......Page 72
4.3.7.2 Acrylic......Page 73
4.3.7.5 Polyurethane......Page 74
4.3.7.7 Electroless Nickel Plating......Page 75
4.4 Effect of Temperature on Properties of Binders......Page 76
4.5 Comparison of Properties of Non-Fluoropolymer Binders......Page 77
References......Page 79
5.2 Dispersion of Pigments......Page 80
5.2.1 Ball or Pebble Milling......Page 81
5.2.2.1 Media Mills......Page 82
5.2.2.2 High-Speed Disperser......Page 83
5.3 Measuring Dispersion Quality or Fineness......Page 84
5.4 Dispersion Stabilization......Page 85
5.5 Pigment or Particle Settling......Page 86
5.7.1 Appearance, Color, Hiding......Page 87
5.7.1.2 Hiding......Page 88
5.7.1.3 Types of Pigments......Page 89
5.7.2 Permeability, Barrier Properties......Page 92
5.7.3 Abrasion Resistance, Reinforcement: Physical Property Improvement......Page 93
5.7.4 Electrically Conductive Fillers......Page 94
5.9 Commercial Pigment Dispersions......Page 96
References......Page 97
6.2 Solids-Viscosity Relationships......Page 98
6.3 Viscosity as a Function of Temperature......Page 99
6.4 Evaporation......Page 100
6.6 Solubility......Page 101
6.7 Surface Tension and Wetting......Page 102
6.8 N-Methyl-2-Pyrolidone (NMP)......Page 103
6.11 Summary......Page 104
References......Page 108
7.2 Abrasion Resistance Improvers, Antislip Aids......Page 110
7.5 Adhesion Promoters, Coupling Agents......Page 111
7.7 Anti-Cratering Agent, Fisheye Preventer......Page 112
7.11 Rust Inhibitor, Corrosion Inhibitor, Flash Rust Inhibitor......Page 113
7.13 Anti-Settling Agent......Page 114
7.17 Degassing Agent......Page 115
7.22 Moisture Scavenger......Page 116
References......Page 118
8.3.1 Cleaning......Page 120
8.3.2.1 Mechanical Roughening......Page 121
8.3.2.2 Other Methods of Roughening and Cleaning......Page 123
8.3.3 Preventing Rust after Surface Preparation......Page 125
8.3.5 Anodization......Page 126
8.4 Substrate Characterization......Page 127
References......Page 128
9.3 Recipes and Formulas......Page 130
9.4.1 Fluoropolymer Coatings from Raw Dispersion......Page 132
9.4.2 Fluoropolymer Coatings by Dispersion of Powders......Page 133
9.7 Mixing Liquid Coatings Prior to Use......Page 134
9.8 Filtering/Straining......Page 135
9.10 Commercial Producers and Their Product Lines......Page 137
9.10.2 Whitford Liquid Products......Page 138
9.10.6 Mitsui-DuPont Fluorocarbon Liquid Products......Page 139
References......Page 154
10.2.1 Conventional Spray Coating......Page 156
10.2.3 Electrostatic Spray Application......Page 157
10.3 Liquid Bulk or Direct Coating Application Techniques......Page 158
10.3.1 Dip Coating......Page 159
10.3.2 Dip-Spin Coating......Page 160
10.3.3 Spin-Flow Coating......Page 161
10.3.5 Coil Coating......Page 162
10.3.6 Roller Coating......Page 164
10.3.7 Pad Printing......Page 165
References......Page 167
11.2 Spray Powder Coating Process......Page 168
11.2.1 Corona Charging......Page 170
11.2.2 Tribocharging......Page 171
11.2.3 Powder Coating Advantages and Limitations......Page 172
11.3.1 Hot Flocking......Page 173
11.3.2.1 Decomposition......Page 174
11.4 Bulk Application: Fluidized Bed Coating......Page 175
11.5.1 Preparation of Powder Coating......Page 177
References......Page 183
12.2 Baking and Curing, Physics or Chemistry......Page 184
12.3.1 Thermocouples......Page 187
12.3.2 Non-Contact Temperature Measurement......Page 188
12.4.1 Convection Heating......Page 189
12.4.2 Infrared Baking (IR)......Page 192
12.4.3 Induction Baking......Page 193
References......Page 195
13.2.1 Cup Viscosity......Page 196
13.2.2 Brookfield Viscometer......Page 197
13.4.1.1 Magnetic Devices......Page 198
13.4.1.3 Ultrasound......Page 199
13.4.1.4 Physical Measures of Film Thickness......Page 200
13.5 Wet Film Build......Page 201
13.6 Adhesion......Page 203
13.6.1.1 Post-Boiling Cross-Hatch Tape Adhesion Test......Page 204
13.6.1.2 Post-Boiling Nail Adhesion Test......Page 205
13.7.1 Salt Spray......Page 206
13.7.3 Atlas Cell......Page 208
13.8 Coefficient of Friction (CoF)......Page 209
13.9.1 Taber......Page 210
13.9.2 Falling Abrasive Test......Page 211
13.9.3 Thrust Washer Abrasion Testing......Page 212
13.12 Cookware Testing......Page 213
13.12.2 Accelerated Cooking Test......Page 214
13.12.3 Mechanical Tiger Paw (MTP)......Page 215
13.12.5 Accelerated In-Home Abuse Test (AIHAT)......Page 216
References......Page 217
14.2 Surface Tension and Shear......Page 218
14.3.1 Air Entrapment......Page 219
14.3.4 Pinholing, Popping, or Solvent Popping......Page 220
14.3.5 Mud Cracking, Stress Cracking, and Benard Cells......Page 221
14.3.6 Cratering......Page 222
14.3.9 Wrinkling......Page 223
References......Page 224
15.2 A Historical Chronology of Fluoropolymer Finishes Technology......Page 226
15.3 Food Contact......Page 230
15.4.2 Commercial or Industrial Bakeware......Page 231
15.4.3 Fuser Rolls......Page 232
15.4.5 Automotive......Page 233
15.4.6.1 Chemical Reactors......Page 235
15.4.6.2 Ducts for Corrosive Fumes, Fire Resistance......Page 236
15.4.8 Industrial Rollers......Page 237
15.5 Summary......Page 238
References......Page 239
16.3 Safe Handling and Application of Liquid Fluoropolymer Coatings......Page 240
16.4 Thermal Properties of Fluoropolymers......Page 242
16.4.2 Polymer Fume Fever......Page 243
16.5 Removal of Fluoropolymer Films and Coatings......Page 244
16.8 Personal Protective Equipment......Page 245
16.12 Environmental Protection and Disposal Methods......Page 246
References......Page 247
I.2 PDL Resistance Rating......Page 248
I.3 Chemical Resistance Tables......Page 249
Table I.2 Chemical Resistance of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)......Page 250
Table I.3 Chemical Resistance of Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene......Page 254
Table I.4 Chemical Resistance of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene......Page 280
Table I.5 Chemical Resistance of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene......Page 294
Table I.6 Chemical Resistance of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)......Page 298
Table I.7 Chemical Resistance of Perfluoroalkoxy Copolymer (PFA)......Page 310
Table I.8 Chemical Resistance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)......Page 316
References......Page 340
II.1 Permeability of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)......Page 342
II.2 Permeability of Ethylene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer (ECTFE)......Page 344
II.3 Permeability of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer (ETFE)......Page 348
II.4 Permeation of Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene Copolymer (FEP)......Page 350
II.5 Permeability of Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE)......Page 355
II.6 Permeability of Perfluoroalkoxy Copolymer (PFA)......Page 360
II.7 Permeability of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF)......Page 361
II.8 Permeability of Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF)......Page 368
References......Page 369
III.3 Fuel Types......Page 370
References......Page 371
IV.1 Introduction......Page 372
References......Page 374
Trade Names
......Page 376
C......Page 378
D......Page 379
F......Page 380
H......Page 381
M......Page 382
P......Page 383
S......Page 384
T......Page 385
W......Page 386
Y......Page 387
A......Page 388
C......Page 389
D......Page 390
F......Page 391
I......Page 392
M......Page 393
P......Page 394
R......Page 395
S......Page 396
T......Page 397
Z......Page 398