Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 1): Basic Concepts and Principles

✍ Scribed by Shiv Kumar

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 456
• Edition: 4th ed. 2023
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides the fundamental knowledge allowing students in engineering and natural sciences to enter fluid mechanics and its applications in various fields where fluid flows need to be dealt with. This textbook is written for the introductory course of fluid mechanics for students at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Volume 1 of this textbook contains seven chapters to help build the basic understanding of the subject matter. It adequately covers the properties of fluids, pressure and its measurement, hydrostatic forces on surface, buoyancy, and floatation, kinematics of fluid motion, dynamics of fluid flow, and dimensional and model analysis. The concepts are supported by numerous solved examples and multiple-choice questions to aid self-learning in students. The textbook also contains illustrated diagrams for better understanding of the concepts. The book is extremely useful for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of engineering and natural sciences.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1
Properties of Fluids
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 SOLID AND FLUID
1.2.1 Solid
1.2.2 Fluid
1.3 STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (STP) AND NORMAL TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE (NTP)
1.4 MECHANICS OF FLUIDS
1.5 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
1.6 DENSITY
1.7 SPECIFIC VOLUME
1.8 SPECIFIC WEIGHT
1.9 SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1.9.1 Specific Gravity for Liquids
1.9.2 Specific Gravity for Gases
1.10 ADHESION
1.11 COHESION
1.12 VISCOSITY
1.12.1 Kinematic Viscosity
1.12.2 Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
1.12.4 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
1.12.4 Types of Fluids
1.13 VAPOUR PRESSURE
1.13.1 Evaporisation and Boiling
1.13.2 Cavitation
1.14 SURFACE TENSION
1.14.1 Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet
1.14.2 Surface Tension on a Hollow Bubble
1.14.3 Surface Tension on a Liquid Jet
1.15 CAPILLARITY
1.16 COMPRESSIBILITY
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
2
Pressure and Its Measurement
2.1 PRESSURE AND ITS UNITS
2.2 PRESSURE HEAD
2.3 LAWS OF LIQUID PRESSURE, HYDROSTATIC EQUATION AND ITS APPLICATION
2.3.1 Laws of Liquid Pressure
2.3.2 Hydrostatic Equation
2.3.3 Application
2.4 PASCAL’S LAW
2.5 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT
2.5.1 Measuring Atmospheric Pressure
2.5.2 Aneroid Barometer
2.6 ABSOLUTE, GAUGE AND VACUUM PRESSURE
2.6.1 Absolute Pressure
2.6.2 Gauge Pressure
2.6.3 Vacuum Pressure
2.7 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
2.7.1 Simple Manometers
2.7.2 Differential Manometers
2.8 MECHANICAL GAUGES
2.8.1 Diaphragm Pressure Gauge
2.8.2 Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge
2.8.3 Dead-weight Pressure Gauge
2.8.4 Bellows Pressure Gauge
2.9 PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
3
Hydrostatic Forces on Surface
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTRE OF PRESSURE
3.2.1 Total Pressure (F)
3.2.2 Centre of Pressure (CP)
3.3 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
3.3.1 Hydrostatic Law
3.4 TOTAL PRESSURE (F) AND CENTRE OF PRESSURE (CP) FOR SUBMERGED SURFACES
3.4.1 Vertical Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid
3.4.2 Horizontal Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid
3.5 TOTAL PRESSURE AND CENTRE OF PRESSURE ON LOCK GATES
3.6 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN A LIQUID MASS SUBJECTED TO UNIFORM ACCELERATION
3.6.1 Liquid Mass in a Container Subjected to Contant Accteration in the Horizontal Direction
3.6.2 Liquid Mass in a Container Subjected to Uniform Accteration in the Vertical Direction
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
4
Buoyancy and Floatation
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 BUOYANCY OR BUOYANT FORCE
4.3 CENTRE OF BUOYANCY
4.4 PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION (ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE)
4.5 METACENTRE AND METACENTRIC HEIGHT
4.6 EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES
4.7 EQUILIBRIUM OF SUBMERGED BODY
4.8 DETERMINATION OF METACENTRIC HEIGHT
4.8.1 Analytical Method of Determination of Metacentric Height (GM)
4.8.2 Experimental Method of Determination of Metacentric Height (GM)
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
5
Kinematics of Fluid Motion
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 METHODS OF DESCRIBING FLUID MOTION
5.2.1 Langrangian Method
5.2.2 Eulerian Method
5.3 TYPES OF FLOW LINES
5.4 STREAM TUBE
5.5 TYPES OF FLUID FLOW
5.5.1 Steady and Unsteady Flow
5.5.2 Uniform and Non-uniform Flow
5.5.3 Laminar and Turbulent Flow
5.5.4 Compressible and Incompressible Flow
5.5.5 Rotational and Irrotational Flow
5.5.6 One, Two and Three-dimensional Flows
5.6 RATE OF FLOW
5.7 CONTINUITY EQUATION
5.8 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN THREE-DIMENSIONS IN CARTESIAN COORDINATES (x, y, z)
5.9 CONTINUITY EQUATION: INTEGRAL FORM
5.10 CONTINUITY EQUATION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (r, θ, z)
5.11 VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
5.12 STREAM FUNCTION (ψ)
5.13 VELOCITY POTENTIAL (φ)
5.14 TYPES OF MOTION OR DEFORMATION OF FLUID ELEMENTS
5.14.1 Pure (or linear) Translation
5.14.2 Linear Deformation
5.14.3 Angular (or shear) Deformation
5.14.4 Pure Rotation
5.15 VORTICITY
5.16 VORTEX FLOW OR WHIRLING FLOW
5.16.1 Forced Vortex Flow
5.16.2 Free Vortex Flow
5.17 STREAM LINE
5.17.1 Equipotential Line
5.18 FLOW NET
5.19 USES OF FLOW NET
5.20 METHODS OF DRAWING THE FLOW NET
5.20.1 Analytical (or Mathematical) Method
5.20.2 Graphical Method
5.21 SOURCE AND SINK FLOWS
5.21.1 Source Flow
5.21.2 Sink Flow
5.22 CIRCULATION
5.23 DOUBLET
5.24 HALF-BODY– SOURCE IN A UNIFORM STREAM
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
6
Dynamics of Fluid Flow
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 TYPES OF FORCES INFLUENCING MOTION
6.3 EQUATIONS OF MOTION
6.4 SYSTEM
6.5 TYPES OF SYSTEM
6.5.1 Control Mass System
6.5.2 Control Volume System
6.5.3 Isolated System
6.6 REYNOLDS TRANSPORT THEOREM (RTT)
6.7 EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTION
6.8 BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
6.9 LIMITATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
6.10 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
6.11 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION
6.12 IMPULSE MOMENTUM EQUATION
6.12.1 Application of Momentum Equation or Momentum Principle
6.13 FORCE EXERTED BY A FLOWING FLUID ON A PIPE-BEND
6.14 SUMMARY
6.15 FLUID JET OR JET
6.16 IMPACT OF JET
6.17 FORCE EXERTED BY THE JET ON A STATIONARY FLAT PLATE
6.17.1 Plate is Vertical to the Jet
6.17.2 Plate is Inclined to the Jet:
6.17.3 Plate is Curved
6.18 FORCE EXERTED BY THE JET ON A HINGED PLATE
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
7
Dimensional and Model Analysis
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 PRIMARY (OR BASIC OR FUNDAMENTAL) QUANTITIES AND SECONDARY (OR DERIVED) QUANTITIES
7.3 DIMENSIONAL HOMOGENEITY
7.4 METHOD USED FOR DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS
7.4.1 Rayleigh’s Method
7.4.2 Buckingham’s π-Theorem
7.5 METHOD OF SELECTING REPEATING VARIABLES
7.6 PROCEDURE FOR SOLVING PROBLEM BY BUCKINGHAM’S π-THEOREM
7.7 MODEL ANALYSIS
7.8 SIMILITUDE
7.8.1 Geometric Similarity
7.8.2 Kinematic Similarity
7.8.3 Dynamic Similarity
7.9 TYPES OF FORCES ACTING IN MOVING FLUID
7.9.1 Inertia Force (Fi)
7.9.2 Viscous Force (Fv)
7.9.3 Gravity Force (Fg)
7.9.4 Pressure Force (FP)
7.9.5 Surface Tension Force (Ft)
7.9.6 Elastic Force (Fe)
7.10 DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS
7.10.1 Reynolds Number (Re)
7.10.2 Froude’s Number (Fr)
7.10.3 Euler’s Number (Eu)
7.10.4 Weber’s Number (We)
7.10.5 Mach’s Number (M)
7.11 MODEL LAWS OR SIMILARITY LAWS
7.11.1 Reynolds Law
7.11.2 Froude’s Law
7.12.3 Euler’s Law
7.12.4 Weber’s Law
7.12.5 Mach’s Law
7.12 TYPES OF MODELS
7.12.1 Undistorted Models
7.12.2 Distorted Models
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENT - 1
ASSIGNMENT - 2
References
Appendices
Index