Fluid mechanics for engineers in SI units

✍ Scribed by Chin, David A

• Publisher: Pearson; Prentice Hall
• Year: 2016;2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 1057
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

KEY BENEFITWritten and conceived by an author with decades of relevant experience in the fields of fluid mechanics, engineering, and related disciplines, thisFirst EditionofFluid Mechanics for Engineerseffectively introduces readers to the principles of fluid mechanics. The author focuses first and foremost on the most essential topics of the field. Practical applications for several engineering disciplines are considered, with a special focus on civil engineering. Other topics are also included for consideration with regard to specific fields. Written in a stimulating style,Fluid Mechanics for Engineersintroduces the concepts of fluid mechanics while keeping readers engaged.KEY TOPICSProperties of Fluids; Fluid Statics; Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics; Finite Control Volume Analysis; Differential Analysis; Dimensional Analysis and Similitude; Flow in Closed Conduits; Turbomachines; Flow in Open Channel; Drag and Lift; Boundary-Layer Flow; Compressible FlowMARKETFor anyone interested in fluid mechanics

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 2
Copyright page......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 12
1.1 Introduction 17......Page 18
1.1.1 Nomenclature 19......Page 20
1.1.2 Dimensions and Units 20......Page 21
1.1.3 Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow 26......Page 27
1.2 Density 27......Page 28
1.3 Compressibility 32......Page 33
1.4.1 Equation of State 36......Page 37
1.4.2 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 37......Page 38
1.4.3 Thermodynamic Properties 39......Page 40
1.5 Standard Atmosphere 44......Page 45
1.6.1 Newtonian Fluids 46......Page 47
1.6.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids 53......Page 54
1.7 Surface Tension 55......Page 56
1.8 Vapor Pressure 61......Page 62
1.8.1 Evaporation, Transpiration, and Relative Humidity 63......Page 64
1.8.2 Cavitation and Boiling 64......Page 65
1.9.1 Specific Heat 67......Page 68
1.9.2 Latent Heat 68......Page 69
1.10 Summary of Properties of Water and Air 69......Page 70
Key Equations in Properties of Fluids 70......Page 71
Problems 72......Page 73
2.1 Introduction 87......Page 88
2.2.1 Characteristics of Pressure 88......Page 89
2.2.2 Spatial Variation in Pressure 89......Page 90
2.2.3 Practical Applications 92......Page 93
2.3.1 Barometer 101......Page 102
2.3.2 Bourdon Gauge 103......Page 104
2.3.3 Pressure Transducer 104......Page 105
2.3.4 Manometer 105......Page 106
2.4 Forces on Plane Surfaces 110......Page 111
2.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces 120......Page 121
2.6.1 Fully Submerged Bodies 127......Page 128
2.6.2 Partially Submerged Bodies 132......Page 133
2.6.3 Buoyancy Effects Within Fluids 138......Page 139
2.7 Rigid-Body Motion of Fluids 139......Page 140
2.7.1 Liquid with Constant Acceleration 141......Page 142
2.7.2 Liquid in a Rotating Container 145......Page 146
Key Equations in Fluid Statics 148......Page 149
Problems 150......Page 151
3.1 Introduction 177......Page 178
3.2 Kinematics 178......Page 179
3.2.1 Tracking the Movement of Fluid Particles 181......Page 182
3.2.2 The Material Derivative 188......Page 189
3.2.3 Flow Rates 190......Page 191
3.3 Dynamics of Flow along a Streamline 192......Page 193
3.4 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 202......Page 203
3.4.1 Flow through Orifices 203......Page 204
3.4.2 Flow Measurement 209......Page 210
3.4.3 Trajectory of a Liquid Jet 214......Page 215
3.4.4 Compressibility Effects 216......Page 217
3.4.5 Viscous Effects 218......Page 219
3.4.6 Branching Conduits 220......Page 221
3.5 Curved Flows and Vortices 222......Page 223
3.5.1 Forced Vortices 223......Page 224
3.5.2 Free Vortices 226......Page 227
Key Equations in Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics 229......Page 230
Problems 232......Page 233
4.1 Introduction 256......Page 257
4.2 Reynolds Transport Theorem 257......Page 258
4.3 Conservation of Mass 259......Page 260
4.3.1 Closed Conduits 263......Page 264
4.3.2 Free Discharges from Reservoirs 265......Page 266
4.3.3 Moving Control Volumes 267......Page 268
4.4 Conservation of Linear Momentum 268......Page 269
4.4.1 General Momentum Equations 269......Page 270
4.4.2 Forces on Pressure Conduits 273......Page 274
4.4.3 Forces on Deflectors and Blades 281......Page 282
4.4.4 Forces on Moving Control Volumes 282......Page 283
4.4.5 Wind Turbines 288......Page 289
4.4.6 Reaction of a Jet 293......Page 294
4.4.7 Jet Engines and Rockets 296......Page 297
4.5 Angular Momentum Principle 298......Page 299
4.6 Conservation of Energy 307......Page 308
4.6.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 308......Page 309
4.6.2 Steady-State Energy Equation 309......Page 310
4.6.3 Unsteady-State Energy Equation 320......Page 321
Key Equations in Finite Control Volume Analysis 323......Page 324
Problems 327......Page 328
5.1 Introduction 357......Page 358
5.2.1 Translation 358......Page 359
5.2.2 Rotation 360......Page 361
5.2.4 Linear Deformation 363......Page 364
5.3.1 Continuity Equation 365......Page 366
5.3.2 The Stream Function 372......Page 373
5.4 Conservation of Momentum 375......Page 376
5.4.1 General Equation 376......Page 377
5.4.2 Navier–Stokes Equation 379......Page 380
5.4.3 Nondimensional Navier–Stokes Equation 381......Page 382
5.5.1 Steady Laminar Flow Between Stationary Parallel Plates 385......Page 386
5.5.2 Steady Laminar Flow Between Moving Parallel Plates 388......Page 389
5.5.3 Steady Laminar Flow Adjacent to Moving Vertical Plate 391......Page 392
5.5.4 Steady Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube 394......Page 395
5.5.5 Steady Laminar Flow Through an Annulus 396......Page 397
5.5.6 Steady Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders 399......Page 400
5.6 Inviscid Flow 402......Page 403
5.6.1 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Inviscid Flow 404......Page 405
5.6.2 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Irrotational Inviscid Flow 407......Page 408
5.6.3 Velocity Potential 409......Page 410
5.6.4 Two-Dimensional Potential Flows 411......Page 412
5.7.1 Principle of Superposition 415......Page 416
5.7.2 Uniform Flow 417......Page 418
5.7.3 Line Source/Sink Flow 418......Page 419
5.7.4 Line Vortex Flow 421......Page 422
5.7.5 Spiral Flow Toward a Sink 424......Page 425
5.7.6 Doublet Flow 426......Page 427
5.7.7 Flow Around a Half-Body 428......Page 429
5.7.8 Rankine Oval 433......Page 434
5.7.9 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 437......Page 438
5.8 Turbulent Flow 441......Page 442
5.8.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 443......Page 444
5.8.3 Mean Steady Turbulent Flow 445......Page 446
5.9 Conservation of Energy 446......Page 447
Key Equations in Differential Analysis of Fluid Flows 449......Page 450
Problems 455......Page 456
6.2 Dimensions in Equations 477......Page 478
6.3 Dimensional Analysis 481......Page 482
6.3.1 Conventional Method of Repeating Variables 483......Page 484
6.3.2 Alternative Method of Repeating Variables 486......Page 487
6.3.3 Method of Inspection 487......Page 488
6.4 Dimensionless Groups as Force Ratios 488......Page 489
6.5 Dimensionless Groups in Other Applications 493......Page 494
6.6 Modeling and Similitude 494......Page 495
Key Equations for Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 506......Page 507
Problems 507......Page 508
7.1 Introduction 525......Page 526
7.2 Steady Incompressible Flow 526......Page 527
7.3 Friction Effects in Laminar Flow 532......Page 533
7.4 Friction Effects in Turbulent Flow 536......Page 537
7.5.1 Estimation of Pressure Changes 544......Page 545
7.5.2 Estimation of Flow Rate for a Given Head Loss 546......Page 547
7.5.3 Estimation of Diameter for a Given Flow Rate and Head Loss 547......Page 548
7.5.4 Head Losses in Noncircular Conduits 548......Page 549
7.5.5 Empirical Friction Loss Formulas 549......Page 550
7.5.6 Local Head Losses 552......Page 553
7.5.7 Pipelines with Pumps or Turbines 559......Page 560
7.6 Water Hammer 560......Page 561
7.7 Pipe Networks 565......Page 566
7.7.1 Nodal Method 566......Page 567
7.7.2 Loop Method 568......Page 569
7.8 Building Water Supply Systems 573......Page 574
7.8.2 Specification of Minimum Pressures 574......Page 575
7.8.3 Determination of Pipe Diameters 576......Page 577
Key Equations for Flow in Closed Conduits 583......Page 584
Problems 587......Page 588
8.1 Introduction 608......Page 609
8.2 Mechanics of Turbomachines 609......Page 610
8.3 Hydraulic Pumps and Pumped Systems 614......Page 615
8.3.1 Flow Through Centrifugal Pumps 616......Page 617
8.3.2 Efficiency 621......Page 622
8.3.3 Dimensional Analysis 622......Page 623
8.3.4 Specific Speed 626......Page 627
8.3.5 Performance Curves 630......Page 631
8.3.6 System Characteristics 632......Page 633
8.3.7 Limits on Pump Location 635......Page 636
8.3.8 Multiple Pump Systems 640......Page 641
8.3.9 Variable-Speed Pumps 642......Page 643
8.4.1 Performance Characteristics of Fans 644......Page 645
8.4.2 Affinity Laws of Fans 645......Page 646
8.4.3 Specific Speed 646......Page 647
8.5.1 Impulse Turbines 648......Page 649
8.5.2 Reaction Turbines 654......Page 655
8.5.3 Practical Considerations 658......Page 659
Key Equations for Turbomachines 664......Page 665
Problems 668......Page 669
9.1 Introduction 693......Page 694
9.2.2 Steady-State Momentum Equation 694......Page 695
9.2.3 Steady-State Energy Equation 711......Page 712
9.3.1 Profile Equation 724......Page 725
9.3.2 Classification of Water Surface Profiles 725......Page 726
9.3.3 Hydraulic Jump 731......Page 732
9.3.4 Computation of Water Surface Profiles 737......Page 738
Key Equations in Open-Channel Flow 746......Page 747
Problems 749......Page 750
10.1 Introduction 759......Page 760
10.2 Fundamentals 760......Page 761
10.2.2 Drag and Lift Coefficients 762......Page 763
10.2.3 Flow over Flat Surfaces 765......Page 766
10.2.4 Flow over Curved Surfaces 767......Page 768
10.3.1 Drag on Flat Surfaces 770......Page 771
10.3.2 Drag on Spheres and Cylinders 774......Page 775
10.3.3 Drag on Vehicles 781......Page 782
10.3.4 Drag on Ships 784......Page 785
10.3.5 Drag on Two-Dimensional Bodies 785......Page 786
10.3.7 Drag on Composite Bodies 786......Page 787
10.3.8 Drag on Miscellaneous Bodies 789......Page 790
10.3.9 Added Mass 790......Page 791
10.4.1 Lift on Airfoils 791......Page 792
10.4.2 Lift on Airplanes 794......Page 795
10.4.3 Lift on Hydrofoils 799......Page 800
10.4.4 Lift on a Spinning Sphere in Uniform Flow 800......Page 801
Key Equations for Drag and Lift 803......Page 804
Problems 806......Page 807
11.1 Introduction 827......Page 828
11.2.1 Blasius Solution for Plane Surfaces 829......Page 830
11.2.2 Blasius Equations for Curved Surfaces 834......Page 835
11.3.1 Analytic Formulation 836......Page 837
11.3.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Surface 837......Page 838
11.3.3 Boundary-Layer Thickness and Shear Stress 844......Page 845
11.4.1 Displacement Thickness 845......Page 846
11.4.2 Momentum Thickness 849......Page 850
11.4.3 Momentum Integral Equation 850......Page 851
11.4.4 General Formulations for Self-Similar Velocity Profiles 854......Page 855
11.5.1 Smooth Flow 856......Page 857
11.5.2 Rough Flow 857......Page 858
11.5.3 Velocity-Defect Law 858......Page 859
11.6 Boundary Layers in Closed Conduits 859......Page 860
11.6.1 Smooth Flow in Pipes 860......Page 861
11.6.2 Rough Flow in Pipes 861......Page 862
11.6.3 Notable Contributors to Understanding Flow in Pipes 862......Page 863
Key Equations for Boundary-Layer Flow 863......Page 864
Problems 867......Page 868
12.1 Introduction 884......Page 885
12.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 885......Page 886
12.3 The Speed of Sound 891......Page 892
12.4.1 Isentropic Stagnation Condition 898......Page 899
12.4.2 Isentropic Critical Condition 903......Page 904
12.5 Basic Equations of One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 905......Page 906
12.6.1 Effect of Area Variation 907......Page 908
12.6.2 Choked Condition 908......Page 909
12.6.3 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 910......Page 911
12.7 Normal Shocks 923......Page 924
12.8 Steady One-Dimensional Non-Isentropic Flow 935......Page 936
12.8.1 Adiabatic Flow with Friction 936......Page 937
12.8.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction 949......Page 950
12.8.3 Diabatic Frictionless Flow 951......Page 952
12.8.4 Application of Fanno and Rayleigh Relations to Normal Shocks 957......Page 958
12.9.1 Oblique Shocks 962......Page 963
12.9.2 Bow Shocks and Detached Shocks 970......Page 971
12.9.3 Isentropic Expansion Waves 972......Page 973
Key Equations in Compressible Flow 977......Page 978
Problems 984......Page 985
A.1 Units 999......Page 1000
A.2 Conversion Factors 1000......Page 1001
B.1 Water 1003......Page 1004
B.2 Air 1004......Page 1005
B.3 The Standard Atmosphere 1005......Page 1006
B.4 Common Liquids 1006......Page 1007
B.6 Nitrogen 1008......Page 1008
C.1 Areas 1009......Page 1010
C.2.1 Circles 1011......Page 1012
C.3 Volumes 1012......Page 1013
D.1 PVC Pipe 1013......Page 1014
D.4 Physical Properties of Common Pipe Materials 1014......Page 1015
Bibliography 1015......Page 1016
Index 1026......Page 1027