Fluid Mechanics: A Problem-Solving Approach

✍ Scribed by Naseem Uddin

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 538
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Fluid Mechanics: A Problem-Solving Approach provides a clear distinction between integral formulation and the different formulation of conservation law.

Including a detailed discussion on pipe flow correlations, entrance length correlations, and plotting of Moody diagram, the book works through the comprehensive coverage of fluid mechanics with a gradual introduction of theory in a straightforward, practical approach. The book includes numerous end-of-chapter problems to enhance student understanding and different solving approaches. It features chapters on nanofluids, jets, waves in ocean and rivers, boundary layer separation, and Thwaites integral method, which are not typically covered in an introductory course.

Features

• Provides a comprehensive treatment of fluid mechanics from the basic concepts to in-depth application problems.

• Covers waves and tsunamis.

• Offers two distinct chapters on jet flows and turbulent flows.

• Includes numerous end-of-chapter problems.

• Includes a Solutions Manual and MAPLE worksheets for instructor use.

The book is intended for senior undergraduate mechanical and civil engineering students taking courses in fluid mechanics.

The eBook+ version includes the following enhancements:

• 3 videos placed throughout the text to help apply real-world examples to concepts of Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian fluids, vortices, and additional information on surface tension.

• Pop-up explanations of selected concepts as interactive flashcards in each chapter.

• Quizzes within chapters to help readers refresh their knowledge.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Nomenclature
Author
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Continuum Hypothesis
1.2. Fluid Properties
1.3. Density
1.4. Compressibility
1.5. Coefficient of Volume Expansion
1.6. Specific Heat
1.7. Viscosity
1.8. Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
1.9. Surface Energy and Surface Tension
1.9.1. Jurin’s Law
1.10. Nanofluids
1.11. An Overview of Fluid Analysis Types
1.11.1. Viscous vs. Inviscid Flow
1.11.2. Steady vs. Unsteady Flow
1.11.3. Uniform Flow
1.11.4. Wall-Bounded vs. Free-Shear Flow
1.11.5. One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flow
1.11.6. Compressible vs. Incompressible Flow
References
Chapter 2: Pressure and Stationary Fluid
2.1. Pressure in Stationary Fluid
2.2. Hydrostatics
2.3. Pressure Units
2.4. Manometry
2.5. Atmospheric Air Pressure
2.6. Static Liquid Force on an Inclined Surface
2.7. Normal Stresses in Static Fluid
2.8. Bouyancy Force in Fluid
2.9. Stability of Floating Objects
References
Chapter 3: Kinematics of Fluid Particle
3.1. Lagrangian and Eulerian Descriptions of Flow field
3.2. Acceleration in Fluid
3.3. Deformation of Fluid Particle
3.3.1. Shear Strain
3.3.2. Extensional Strain
3.4. Movement of Fluid Particle
3.4.1. Pathlines
Reference
Chapter 4: Differential Formulation of Conservation Laws
4.1. Continuity Equation
4.2. The Navier-Stokes Equations
4.2.1. Acceleration in Fluid
4.2.2. Balance of Forces
4.2.3. Constitutive Relations
4.2.4. Differential Formulation
4.3. Vectors, Tensors, and Conservation Laws
References
Chapter 5: Dimensional Analysis and Similitude
5.1. Vaschy-Buckingham Pi Theorem
5.1.1. Limitations
5.2. Other Approaches for Dimensionless Numbers
5.2.1. Balance of Forces
5.2.2. Ratio of Velocities
5.2.3. Ratio of Lengths
5.2.4. Ratio of Masses
5.2.5. Ratio of Dimensionless Numbers
5.2.6. Scale Analysis
5.3. Similitude
References
Chapter 6: The Integral Analysis
6.1. Integral Formulation of Continuity Equation
6.2. Stream Tube Theory
6.3. Energy Equation
6.4. Lumped Energy Analysis
6.5. Bernoulli Equation
6.6. Torricelli Theorem and Orifice Losses
6.7. Pitot-Static Tube
6.8. Determination of Flow Rates through Venturimeter
6.9. Extended Bernoulli Equation
6.10. Estimation of Forces
6.10.1. Integral Formulation of Momentum Equation
6.10.2. Jet’s Force on the Moving Plate
6.10.3. Rocket Thrust
Reference
Chapter 7: Irrotational Flow
7.1. Concept of Stream Function (ψ)
7.1.1. Equation of Streamlines
7.2. Potential Function
7.3. Flow Net
7.4. Uniform Flow
7.5. Potential Vortex Circulation
7.6. Circulation and Inviscid Vortex
7.7. Circulation in Free Vortex
7.8. Source or Sink
7.9. Superposition: Rankine Half Body
7.10. Superposition: Source and Sink Nearby
7.11. Superposition: Source + Sink + Uniform Flow
7.12. Doublet
7.13. Flow About a Circular Cylinder
7.14. Flow along a Spinning Cylinder
7.15. Magnus Effect
7.16. Corner Flow
References
Chapter 8: Laminar Flows
8.1. Flow between Parallel Plates
8.2. Flow between Plates with One Plate Moving
8.3. Hagen-Poiseuille Flow
8.4. Starting Flow in a Pipe
8.5. Stoke’s First Problem
8.6. Flow in an Annulus
References
Chapter 9: Introduction to Turbulent Flows
9.1. What is Turbulence?
9.2. The Law of the Wall
9.2.1. The Viscous Sublayer
9.2.2. The Buffer Zone or Transition Zone
9.2.3. The Outer Layer
9.3. Is There a Single Equation Available?
9.4. Reynolds Averaging
9.4.1. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations
9.4.2. Single Point Statistics
9.4.2.1. Correlations
9.4.2.2. Energy Spectrum
9.5. Turbulent Fluctuations
9.6. Turbulence Simulations
9.6.1. Flow through Square Duct
9.7. Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition
References
Chapter 10: Viscous Flow through Conduits
10.1. Laminar and Turbulent Diffusion
10.2. Noncircular Conduits
10.3. Entrance Length in Laminar Flows
10.4. Friction in the Laminar Hydrodynamic Entry Length
10.5. Entrance Length in Turbulent Flows
10.6. The Darcy-Weisbach Empirical Equation
10.7. Smooth Pipe’s Darcy Friction Factors
10.8. Darcy Friction Factors for Rough Pipes
10.9. Fully Developed Turbulent Velocity Profile in Pipes
10.10. Extended Bernoulli’s Equation in Pipe Network
10.11. Minor Losses
10.11.1. Entrance Losses
10.11.2. Pressure Loss in Abrupt Contra
10.11.3. Pressure Loss in Sudden Enlargement
10.11.4. Gradual Enlargement
10.11.5. Flow-through Bends and Valves
10.11.6. Flow-through Orifice
10.12. Pipes in Series and in Parallel
10.13. Similitude Considerations
10.14. Pressure Loss in a Coiled Tube
References
Chapter 11: External Boundary Layer Flows
11.1. Order of Magnitude or Scale Analysis
11.2. Blasius Solution for Laminar External Flows
11.3. Integral Analysis for External Boundary Layer Flows
11.4. Laminar Flow without Pressure Gradient
11.5. Integral Analysis for Turbulent Boundary Layer Flows
11.6. Combined Laminar and Turbulent Flow
11.6.1. Skin Friction for Complete Surface
11.6.2. Momentum Thickness-Based Approach
11.6.3. Surface Roughness Effect
11.6.4. Shape Factor (H) and Transition
References
Chapter 12: Free Shear Flows
12.1. Free Jet
12.2. 2D Laminar Free Jet
12.2.1. Self-Preserving Jet
12.2.2. Jet’s Half Width
12.2.3. Jet Modes
12.3. Impinging Jet
12.3.1. Hiemenz Flow
12.4. Synthetic Jets
References
Chapter 13: Wakes and Separated Flows
13.1. Separation and Wake Shear Layers
13.2. Laminar Flow (dp/dx ≠ 0) and Separation Location Prediction
13.3. Drag in Fluid
13.3.1. Drag over Cylindrical Objects
13.3.2. D’Alembert’s Paradox
13.3.3. Vortex Shedding Frequencies
13.3.4. Drag over Sphere
13.3.5. Drag over Some Other 3D Objects
13.3.6. Drag Measurements in Wind Tunnel
13.3.7. Drag Estimation Using Wake Parameters
13.4. Forces over Airfoil
13.4.1. Separation Bubble
13.5. Boundary Layer Control
References
Chapter 14: Waves and Tsunamis
14.1. Oscillatory Waves
14.2. Pressure on the Surface
14.3. Absolute Velocity Components
14.4. Wave Movement
14.5. The Wave Kinetic Energy
14.6. Rate of Energy of Wave
14.7. Drag in Oscillatory Flows
14.8. Ship Resistance
14.9. Tsunami
References
Chapter 15: Channel Flow
15.1. The Dimensionless Parameters
15.2. Energy Gradient Line
15.3. Pressure Loss in Open Channel Flows
15.4. Best Hydraulic Cross-Section
15.5. Hydraulic Jump
15.6. Wiers
15.6.1. Rectangular Wier
References
Chapter 16: Compressible Flows
16.1. Movement of Small Pressure Disturbance
16.2. Movement of Large Disturbance in Flow
16.3. Above Earth
16.4. Compressible Flow Mass, Momentum, and Enthalpy Balance
16.5. One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow
16.6. Converging Nozzle
16.7. Normal Shockwaves
16.7.1. Entropy Rise across Shockwave
16.8. Pitot-Tube Correction for Compressible Flows
16.9. Flow through Converging-Diverging Nozzle
16.10. Oblique Shockwaves
16.10.1. Mach Cone
16.10.2. Detached Shock
16.11. Frictional Flow in a Constant Area Duct
16.11.1. Fanno Line Flow Equations
16.12. Flow in Constant Area Duct with Heat Transfer
References
Chapter 17: Turbomachinery
17.1. Dimensional Analysis and Relevant Pi-Groups
17.2. Classification
17.3. Euler’s Turbomachinery Equation
17.4. The Centrifugal Pump
17.5. Pump Characteristic Curve
17.6. Real Head Curve
17.6.1. Shift in Pump Operation Curve
17.7. Pump Affinity Laws
17.8. The Phenomenon of Cavitation
17.9. Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
17.10. Hydraulic Turbines
17.10.1. Impulse Turbines
17.10.2. Reaction Turbines
17.11. Cavitation in Hydraulic Turbines
17.11.1. Draft Tube
17.12. Axial Flow Wind Turbines
References
Index