Fluency with information technology: skills, concepts, & capabilities Global Edition

✍ Scribed by Snyder, Lawrence; Venkatesh, Chethan

• Publisher: Pearson
• Year: 2014;2015
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 773
• Edition: 6 edition, Global edition /
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

For the introduction to Computer Science courseFluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts, and Capabilitiesequips readers who are already familiar with computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web with a deeper understanding of the broad capabilities of technology. Through a project-oriented learning approach that uses examples and realistic problem-solving scenarios, Larry Snyder teaches readers to navigate information technology independently and become effective users of today’s resources, forming a foundation of skills they can adapt to their personal and career goals as future technologies emerge.Teaching and Learning ExperienceThis program presents a better teaching and learning experience—for you and your students.Skills, Concepts, and Capabilities Promote Lifelong Learning:Three types of content prepare students to adapt to an ever-changing computing environment.Engaging Features Encourage Students to become Fluent with Information Technology (FIT):Interesting hints, tips, exercises, and backgrounds are located throughout the text.Student and Instructor Resources Enhance Learning:Supplements are available to expand on the topics presented in the text.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 12
Location of VideoNotes in the Text......Page 17
Online Labs......Page 18
Part 1: Becoming Skilled at Computing......Page 20
Part 1: Introduction......Page 21
Chapter 1: Defining Information Technology Terms of Endearment......Page 22
Digitizing Information......Page 24
Stored-Program Computers......Page 26
The Switch to Transistors......Page 28
Integrated Circuits......Page 29
The Internet......Page 30
Layered Software Development......Page 31
Tech Support......Page 33
Find the Computer......Page 34
Software......Page 36
Algorithms......Page 37
“Abstract”......Page 38
“Operationally Attuned”......Page 39
“Mnemonic”......Page 40
Multiple Choice......Page 41
Exercises......Page 42
Chapter 2: Exploring the Human-Computer Interface Face It, It’s a Computer......Page 44
Consistent Interface......Page 46
An Exact Duplicate......Page 48
Copying......Page 50
The Desktop......Page 53
The Touch Metaphor......Page 54
Relationship Between Metaphors......Page 56
Try It Solutions......Page 57
Multiple Choice......Page 58
Exercises......Page 59
Chapter 3: The Basics of Networking Making the Connection......Page 62
The Internet’s Communication Properties......Page 64
The Client/Server Structure......Page 65
The Medium of the Message......Page 67
The Name Game of Computer Addresses......Page 68
Following Protocol......Page 69
Far and Near: WAN and LAN......Page 70
Connecting Your Computer to the Internet......Page 72
Domains and the DNS......Page 74
DNS Summary......Page 78
The World Wide Web......Page 79
The Internet and the Web......Page 80
Describing a Web Page......Page 81
Directory Hierarchy......Page 82
Organizing the Folder......Page 85
Try It Solutions......Page 86
Multiple Choice......Page 87
Exercises......Page 88
Chapter 4: A Hypertext Markup Language Primer Marking Up with HTML......Page 90
Tags for Bold and Italic......Page 92
Required Tags......Page 93
Firefox......Page 94
Hello, World!......Page 95
Practicing in the Lab......Page 96
Headings in HTML......Page 97
White Space......Page 98
Attributes......Page 99
Accent Marks in HTML......Page 100
Markup Validation Service......Page 102
A Place for Style......Page 104
Designing the Paradoxes Page......Page 105
Two Sides of a Hyperlink......Page 107
Structure of the Image Tag......Page 108
Referring to Pages and Images......Page 110
Span, Lists, Tables, and Boxes......Page 112
Lists Tags......Page 113
Handling Tables......Page 115
The “Box Model”......Page 116
Globally Speaking......Page 118
The Cascade......Page 119
A class Attribute......Page 120
An Alternate Class......Page 121
Hovering Above Links......Page 123
Navigation Bars......Page 124
Gradient Background......Page 125
Summary......Page 126
Multiple Choice......Page 127
Short Answer......Page 128
Exercises......Page 129
Chapter 5: Locating Information on the WWW The Search for Truth......Page 132
How a Search Engine Works......Page 134
Multiword Searches......Page 135
Descriptive Terms......Page 137
Page Rank......Page 139
The Logical Operator AND......Page 140
Complex Queries......Page 141
Combining Logical Operators......Page 142
Focused Searches......Page 143
Selecting Search Terms......Page 145
The Anatomy of a Hit......Page 147
Using the Hit List......Page 148
Once You Find a Likely Page......Page 149
Don’t Believe Everything You Read......Page 150
Wikipedia......Page 151
What is Authoritative?......Page 152
Site Analysis......Page 154
Tough Work......Page 156
Try It Solutions......Page 158
Multiple Choice......Page 159
Exercises......Page 160
Chapter 6: An Introduction to Debugging To Err Is Human......Page 162
Debugging: What’s the Problem?......Page 164
Using the Computer to Debug......Page 165
A Dialog About Debugging......Page 166
Debugging Recap......Page 170
Fixing HTML Bugs: A Case Study......Page 171
Look At the Page Closely......Page 175
Focusing the Search......Page 176
Nearly Perfect......Page 178
Debugging the JJK Page: A Postmortem......Page 180
No Printer Output: A Classic Scenario......Page 181
Pressing On......Page 182
Calling Tech Support?......Page 183
Safety-Critical Applications......Page 184
Community Debugging......Page 185
Try It Solutions......Page 186
Multiple Choice......Page 187
Exercises......Page 188
Interview with Vinton G. Cerf......Page 190
Part 2: Algorithms and Digitizing Information......Page 194
Part 2: Introduction......Page 195
Chapter 7: Representing Information Digitally Bits and the “Why” of Bytes......Page 196
Alternative Representations......Page 198
Ordering Symbols......Page 199
Information Representation......Page 200
Memory......Page 202
Binary......Page 204
Digitizing Numbers in Binary......Page 206
Binary Numbers Compared with Decimal Numbers......Page 207
Assigning Symbols......Page 209
Extended ASCII: An 8-Bit Code......Page 210
ASCII Coding of Phone Numbers......Page 211
Bar Codes......Page 212
UTF-8......Page 213
The Metadata and the OED......Page 214
Using Tags for Metadata......Page 215
Structure Tags......Page 216
Sample OED Entry......Page 217
Why “Byte”?......Page 218
Try It Solutions......Page 219
Short Answer......Page 220
Exercises......Page 221
Chapter 8: Representing Multimedia Digitally Light, Sound, Magic......Page 222
Color and the Mystery of Light......Page 224
Making a Big Display......Page 225
Thinking About Intensities......Page 226
Black and White Colors......Page 227
Decimal to Binary......Page 228
Lighten Up: Changing Colors by Addition......Page 229
Lighter Still: Adding with Carry Digits......Page 230
Old Photographs......Page 231
Binary Addition......Page 232
Contrast......Page 234
Adding Color......Page 235
Summary of Digital Color......Page 236
Analog to Digital......Page 237
Advantages of Digital Sound......Page 239
Image Compression......Page 240
JPEG......Page 242
MPEG Compression Scheme......Page 243
Optical Character Recognition......Page 245
OCR Technology......Page 246
The Challenge of Bandwidth......Page 247
Bits Are Not Necessarily Binary Numbers......Page 248
Try It Solutions......Page 249
Multiple Choice......Page 250
Short Answer......Page 251
Exercises......Page 252
Chapter 9: Principles of Computer Operations Following Instructions......Page 254
The Usual Suspects......Page 256
Deciding On What to Do......Page 257
Software Layers......Page 259
Anatomy of a Computer......Page 261
Input Unit and Output Unit......Page 264
Machine Instructions......Page 265
Address of the Next Instruction......Page 267
Stepping Through ADD......Page 268
The Clock’s Ticking......Page 271
Many, Many Simple Operations......Page 272
Assembly Language......Page 273
Compiling......Page 274
Integration......Page 276
Photolithography......Page 277
Field Effect Transistors......Page 279
Implementing ALU Operations......Page 280
Combining the Ideas......Page 281
Try It Solutions......Page 283
Multiple Choice......Page 284
Exercises......Page 285
Chapter 10: Algorithmic Thinking What’s the Plan?......Page 288
Homemade Algorithms......Page 290
Many Questions; Fewer Questions......Page 291
Writing Algorithms......Page 293
Algorithms Versus Programs......Page 294
Textbook Examples of Algorithms......Page 295
A Definition......Page 296
Query Evaluation......Page 297
A Familiar Solution......Page 299
How Not to Match......Page 300
A Strategy......Page 301
Explaining Why IAL Works......Page 302
Try It Solutions......Page 304
Multiple Choice......Page 305
Exercises......Page 306
Interview with Ray Kurzweil......Page 307
Part 3: Data and Information......Page 312
Chapter 11: Social Implications of IT Computers in Polite Society......Page 314
Be a Martian......Page 316
Civic Participation—Freerice......Page 317
Out on Good Behavior......Page 318
Specific Guidelines for Email......Page 319
Please, Don’t Be Offended......Page 321
The Onion......Page 322
Creating Good Passwords......Page 323
How Passwords Work......Page 324
Easy to Remember......Page 325
Hard to Guess......Page 326
Managing Passwords......Page 327
Spam......Page 328
Nigerian Widow Scam......Page 329
Phishing......Page 332
Licensing of Software......Page 334
Open Source Software......Page 335
Copyright on the Web......Page 336
Violating the Copyright Law......Page 337
Creative Commons......Page 338
What to Keep, What to Give......Page 339
Summary......Page 340
Multiple Choice......Page 341
Short Answer......Page 342
Exercises......Page 343
Chapter 12: Privacy and Digital Security Shhh, It’s a Secret......Page 346
Information Sources and Uses......Page 348
A Privacy Definition......Page 349
Voluntary Disclosure......Page 350
OECD Fair Information Practices......Page 351
Is There No Privacy?......Page 352
Business as Usual......Page 353
Targeted by Target......Page 354
Tracking......Page 355
Online Tracking......Page 356
Cell Phones......Page 357
Appearing To Stay Connected......Page 359
Identity Theft......Page 360
Understanding the Problem......Page 361
What Does Malware Do?......Page 363
Play It Safe......Page 364
Safe Computing Checklist......Page 365
Oops, Now I’ve Done It!......Page 367
The Key to Encryption......Page 368
Encrypting Example......Page 369
Private Key Encryption......Page 370
Public Key Encryption......Page 371
The Take-Home Message......Page 372
Back to the Coffee Shop......Page 373
Redundancy Is Very, Very, Very Good......Page 374
Backups and Recovery......Page 375
Summary......Page 377
Multiple Choice......Page 378
Short Answer......Page 379
Exercises......Page 380
Chapter 13: The Basics of Spreadsheets Fill-in-the-Blank Computing......Page 382
An Array of Cells......Page 384
Sorting the Data......Page 385
Adding More Data to the List......Page 386
Writing a Formula......Page 388
Repeating a Formula......Page 390
Transforming Formulas: Relative Versus Absolute......Page 391
Cell Formats......Page 393
Finding the Maximum......Page 394
Displaying Hidden Columns......Page 395
Charts......Page 396
Solving a Problem of Personal Interest......Page 397
Getting Started, Then Filling In......Page 398
A Plan......Page 399
Absolute References......Page 400
Paying Off a Loan......Page 401
Importing Data......Page 403
Arranging Columns......Page 404
Summary......Page 408
True/False......Page 409
Multiple Choice......Page 410
Exercises......Page 412
Chapter 14: Advanced Spreadsheets for Planning “What If” Thinking Helps......Page 414
The Trip......Page 416
Design Guidelines......Page 417
Initial Spreadsheet: Applying the Rules......Page 418
Cell Value is Specifications......Page 419
Formula is Specifications......Page 420
Distinguish Between the United States and Canada......Page 421
Conditional Formulas......Page 422
Figuring the Amount Paid......Page 423
Cost in One Currency......Page 424
Defining Names......Page 425
Applying Names......Page 426
Make Assumptions Explicit......Page 427
Direct Experimentation......Page 428
Scenarios......Page 429
Analyzing a Model......Page 431
Analyzing Data Using Filtering......Page 434
Auto Filtering Technique......Page 435
Advanced Filtering Technique......Page 436
Filtering on Multiple Criteria......Page 437
Summary......Page 438
Multiple Choice......Page 439
Short Answer......Page 440
Exercises......Page 441
Chapter 15: Introduction to Database Concepts A Table with a View......Page 442
Comparing Tables......Page 444
XML: A Language for Metadata Tags......Page 445
An Example from Tahiti......Page 446
Expanding the Use of XML......Page 448
Effective Design with XML Tags......Page 450
Tables and Entities......Page 451
Entities......Page 452
Properties of Entities......Page 453
Relational Database Tables......Page 454
Computing with Tables......Page 457
Ask Any Question......Page 462
Summarizing the Science......Page 464
SQL: The Language of Databases......Page 465
Physical and Logical Databases......Page 468
Try It Solutions......Page 470
Multiple Choice......Page 471
Short Answer......Page 472
Exercises......Page 473
Chapter 16: A Case Study in Database Organization The iDiary Database......Page 474
Physical Versus Logical......Page 476
A Preliminary Exercise......Page 477
Travels Database......Page 480
Displaying the Travels with XSL......Page 481
Getting Started......Page 487
Creating a First Entry (August 11)......Page 489
Thinking About the Nature of Things......Page 491
Developing Tags and Templates......Page 492
Hiding Information......Page 497
Entering Data into the Database......Page 498
Try It Solutions......Page 499
Multiple Choice......Page 500
Exercises......Page 501
Interview with Alan Kay......Page 502
Part 4: Problem Solving......Page 506
Part 4: Introduction......Page 507
Chapter 17: Fundamental Concepts Expressed in JavaScript Get with the Program......Page 508
Overview: Programming Concepts......Page 510
Names, Values, and Variables......Page 511
Names Have Changing Values......Page 512
A Variable Declaration Statement......Page 513
Rules for Declaring Variables......Page 514
Rules for Writing Numbers......Page 515
Strings......Page 516
Boolean Values......Page 517
The Assignment Statement......Page 518
Interpreting an Assignment Statement......Page 519
Three Key Points About Assignment......Page 520
Scratchpad “Hello, World”......Page 521
Arithmetic Operators......Page 523
Relational Operators......Page 524
Logical Operators......Page 525
if Statements and Their Flow of Control......Page 527
Compound Statements......Page 528
if/else Statements......Page 529
Nested if/else Statements......Page 530
The Espresso Program......Page 532
The Logic of a Double Tall Latte......Page 533
Summary......Page 534
Try It Solutions......Page 535
Multiple Choice......Page 536
Short Answer......Page 537
Exercises......Page 538
Chapter 18: A JavaScript Program The Bean Counter......Page 540
Preliminaries......Page 542
Background for the UI......Page 543
Interacting with a UI......Page 544
Three Input Elements......Page 545
Creating the Graphical User Interface......Page 546
1. Create a Button Table......Page 547
4. Label the Buttons......Page 548
Event-Based Programming......Page 549
Click Event......Page 550
Size and Drink Buttons......Page 551
Clear Button and Initializations......Page 552
Critiquing the Bean Counter......Page 553
Application......Page 554
Program and Test......Page 556
Try It Solutions......Page 557
Multiple Choice......Page 558
Exercises......Page 559
Chapter 19: Programming Functions Thinking Big......Page 562
Converting Some Temperatures......Page 564
Definition Versus Call......Page 566
Forms and Functions......Page 567
Flipping Electronic Coins......Page 569
The Body Mass Index Computation......Page 571
Customizing the Coin Flip......Page 575
Design for Mobility......Page 578
Referencing Functions......Page 580
The Counter Assistant’s Structure......Page 581
Better Applications......Page 582
Using Other People’s Code......Page 583
Making a Comment......Page 585
Summary......Page 589
Try It Solutions......Page 590
Multiple Choice......Page 591
Exercises......Page 592
Chapter 20: Iteration Principles Once Is Not Enough......Page 594
The for Loop Basic Syntax......Page 596
JavaScript Rules for for Loops......Page 598
The World-Famous Iteration......Page 599
Why So Famous?......Page 600
Experiments with Flipping Coins......Page 601
One Trial of 100 Flips......Page 602
Multiple Trials......Page 603
A Diagram of Results......Page 604
Nested Loops......Page 605
Index Syntax......Page 606
Arrays......Page 607
Array Reference Syntax......Page 608
Setting Up the Array......Page 609
Structuring the Page......Page 610
The Busy Animation......Page 611
Using a Timer to Initiate Animation......Page 612
Prefetching Images......Page 614
Redrawing an Image......Page 615
Not So Busy Animation......Page 616
Three Key Ideas......Page 617
Summary......Page 618
Try It Solutions......Page 619
Multiple Choice......Page 621
Exercises......Page 622
Chapter 21: A Case Study in Algorithmic Problem Solving The Smooth Motion Application......Page 624
How the Smooth Motion Application Should Work......Page 626
Apply the Decomposition Principle......Page 627
Decide on a Problem-Solving Strategy......Page 628
The Structural Page Heading......Page 630
First Analysis......Page 631
Second Analysis......Page 632
Subtask: Define and Place Initial Images......Page 633
Subtask: Set Timer and Build Timer Event Handler......Page 634
The Best Laid Plans . . .......Page 635
Build Controls......Page 636
Sense the Keys......Page 637
Subtask: Prefetch the Frames......Page 638
Subtask: Build the Event Handlers......Page 639
Staircase Detection......Page 640
Assemble Overall Design......Page 641
Assessment and Retrospective......Page 643
Summary......Page 644
Try It Solutions......Page 645
Multiple Choice......Page 646
Exercises......Page 647
Chapter 22: Limits to Computation Computers Can Do Almost{❑ Everything, ❑ Nothing}......Page 648
The Turing Test......Page 650
Passing the Test......Page 651
Acting Intelligently?......Page 652
A Game Tree......Page 653
Using the Game Tree Tactically......Page 655
Interpreting the Outcome of the Matches......Page 656
Computer Versus Humans......Page 657
Technical Challenge......Page 659
Summary on Watson......Page 660
Acting Creatively?......Page 661
Creativity as a Spectrum......Page 662
What Part of Creativity is Algorithmic?......Page 663
Universal Information Processor......Page 664
Practical Consequences of the Universality Principle......Page 665
Comparing IAL with NAL......Page 667
NP-Complete Problems......Page 668
Unsolvable Problems......Page 669
Summary......Page 670
Multiple Choice......Page 671
Exercises......Page 672
Chapter 23: A Fluency Summary Click to Close......Page 674
Strategies for Nonalgorithmic Tasks......Page 676
Fluency: Less Is More......Page 677
Asking for Help......Page 679
Noticing New Technology......Page 680
Multiple Choice......Page 681
Exercises......Page 682
Interview with David Ferrucci......Page 683
Appendix A: HTML5 Reference......Page 688
HTML Tags......Page 689
Worked Example: D.C. Trip Page......Page 691
Appendix B: RSA Public Key Cryptosystem......Page 694
Encrypting a Message......Page 695
The Decryption Method......Page 696
Summarizing the RSA System......Page 697
XML Database File iDiary.xml......Page 700
XSL file iDiarySS.xsl......Page 702
Program Structure......Page 706
Data Types......Page 707
Variables and Declarations......Page 708
Expressions......Page 709
Statements......Page 710
Functions......Page 711
Guidelines......Page 712
Appendix E: The Bean Counter Program......Page 714
Appendix F: myApps Page......Page 718
Appendix G: Smooth Motion Program......Page 726
Glossary......Page 730
Answers to Selected Questions......Page 740
Index......Page 750
Credits......Page 770