Fish immune system and vaccines

✍ Scribed by Makesh M. (editor), Rajendran K.V. (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 293
• Edition: 1st ed. 2022
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is a collection of comprehensive and latest information on all aspects of vaccination in fish and shellfish. It provides the basic understanding about the immune system of both fish and crustaceans, besides giving the latest information on adjuvants, vaccine delivery methods, adverse effects of vaccines and methods to assess the efficacy of vaccines. Separate chapters on the role of pattern recognition receptors and interferons in fish vaccination, biofilm vaccines and biosafety and regulatory requirements for fish vaccines are also included. Aquaculture, being the fastest growing food producing industry in the world, is looked upon for alleviating the malnutrition especially among the under privileged population. However, intensive aquaculture practices have led to increased incidences of diseases and significant production losses. Among various health management measures employed in aquaculture, vaccination has been proven to be the best approach to protect fish against pathogens. It is considered to be safe and is a key factor for sustainable aquaculture. In this background, apart from the basic understanding of fish and shellfish immune system, updated knowledge on various types of vaccines and the vaccination strategies currently employed in aquaculture are also covered. The book is designed to provide the latest and comprehensive knowledge on all these aspects as a compiled resource material which is useful to students, researchers and other professionals in the field of aquaculture.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Overview of Fish Immune System
1 Introduction
2 Ontogeny of Fish Immune System
3 Innate Immune System
3.1 Organs of the Innate Immune System
3.1.1 Skin
3.1.2 Gill
3.1.3 Gut
3.1.4 Olfactory Organ
3.2 Cells of Fish Innate Immunity
3.3 Humoral Factors of Innate Immune System
3.3.1 Peptides
3.3.2 Complement System
3.3.3 Growth Inhibitors
3.3.4 Protease Inhibitor
3.3.5 Natural Antibodies
4 Adaptive Immune System
4.1 Lymphoid Organs of Fish
4.1.1 Thymus
4.1.2 Kidney
4.1.3 Spleen
4.2 Humoral Immunity
4.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity
5 Factors Affecting the Immune Response
References
Shrimp Immune System and Immune Responses
1 Introduction
2 Nature of Immune Responses
2.1 Physical/Structural Barriers
2.2 Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses
2.2.1 Cellular Immune Response
Phagocytosis
Encapsulation
Nodulation
Apoptosis
Haemolymph Coagulation or Clotting
2.2.2 Humoral Immune Response
Prophenoloxidase System (proPO) and Melanization
Antioxidant System
Proteinases and Proteinase-Inhibitors
Cytokines
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)
Double-Stranded RNAs (dsRNA)
microRNA (miRNA)
Complement System
3 Pathogen Recognition and Signalling Pathways
3.1 Toll Pathway
3.2 IMD Pathway
3.3 JAK-STAT Signalling Pathway
3.4 Other Pathways
4 Existence of Adaptive-Like Immunity in Crustaceans
5 Summary
References
Types of Vaccines Used in Aquaculture
1 Introduction
2 What Is a Vaccine?
3 Properties of Vaccine
4 Types of Vaccine
4.1 Live-Attenuated Vaccine
4.2 DNA Vaccine
4.3 Vector Vaccine
4.4 RNA Vaccine
4.5 Whole-Cell Inactivated Vaccine
4.6 Sub-Unit Vaccine
4.7 Toxoid Vaccine
4.8 Peptide Vaccine
4.9 Anti-Idiotype Vaccine
4.10 Edible Vaccine
5 Conclusion
References
Vaccines Against Bacterial Pathogens of Fish
1 Introduction
1.1 Live Vaccines
1.2 Inactivated Vaccines
2 Status of Vaccine Development for Major Bacterial Diseases of Fish
2.1 Vibriosis (Infections Caused by Vibrio Species Mainly Vibrio anguillarum, V. alginolyticus)
2.1.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.1.2 Live Vaccine
2.1.3 DNA Vaccine
2.1.4 Sub-Unit Vaccine
2.2 Motile Aeromonads Septicaemia Disease (Infection by Aeromonas hydrophila)
2.2.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.2.2 Live Vaccine
2.2.3 Sub-Unit Vaccine
2.3 Furunculosis (Infection by Aeromonas Salmonicida Subsp. Salmonicida)
2.3.1 Killed Vaccine
2.3.2 Live Vaccine
2.3.3 Recombinant Vaccine
2.4 Enteric Septicaemia of Catfish (Infections Caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri)
2.4.1 Live Vaccine
2.5 Edwardsiellosis (Infection by Edwardsiella tarda)
2.5.1 Killed Vaccine
2.5.2 Live Vaccine
2.5.3 Sub-Unit Vaccine
2.5.4 DNA Vaccine
2.6 Columnaris Disease (Infection by Flavobacterium columnare)
2.6.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.6.2 Live Vaccine
2.6.3 Sub-Unit Vaccine
2.7 Bacterial Coldwater Disease (Infection by Flavobacterium psychrophilum)
2.7.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.7.2 Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.7.3 Live Vaccines
2.8 Photobacteriosis (Infection by Photobacterium damselae Subsp. piscicida)
2.8.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.8.2 Live Vaccines
2.8.3 Sub-Unit Vaccine
2.9 Yersiniosis (Infection by Yersinia ruckeri)
2.9.1 Inactivated/Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.9.2 Live Vaccines
2.10 Streptococcosis (Infection by Streptococcus agalactiae)
2.10.1 Inactivated/Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.10.2 Live Vaccine
2.11 Streptococcosis (Infection by Streptococcus iniae)
2.11.1 Inactivated/Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.11.2 Live Vaccine
2.11.3 DNA Vaccine
2.12 Lactococcosis (Infection by Lactococcus garvieae)
2.12.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.12.2 Live Vaccine
2.13 Piscirickettsiosis (Infection by Piscirickettsia salmonis)
2.13.1 Inactivated Vaccines
2.13.2 Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.13.3 Live Vaccine
2.14 Bacterial Kidney Disease (Infection by Renibacterium salmoninarum)
2.14.1 Inactivated/Sub-Unit Vaccines
2.14.2 Live Vaccines
3 Polyvalent Vaccines
4 Conclusions
References
Viral Vaccines for Farmed Finfish
1 Introduction
2 History of Fish Vaccination
3 Viral Diseases and Vaccines for Farmed Finfish
3.1 Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis
3.2 Koi Herpesvirus Disease
3.3 Red Seabream Iridoviral Disease
3.4 Viral Nervous Necrosis
3.5 Infectious Haematopoietic Necrosis
3.6 Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
3.7 Spring Viraemia of Carp
3.8 Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
3.9 Infectious Salmon Anaemia
3.10 Pancreas Disease or Sleeping Disease
3.11 Tilapia Lake Virus Disease
4 Immune Response to Vaccines
5 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
References
Vaccines for Parasitic Diseases of Fish
1 Introduction
2 Anti-Parasitic Drugs and Disease Resistance
3 Immune Memory in Fish: The Foundation of Vaccination
3.1 Ciliophora
3.2 Kinetoplastida
3.3 Amoebozoa
3.4 Dinoflagellata
3.5 Microsporidia
3.6 Myxozoa
3.7 Monogenea
3.8 Digenea
3.9 Cestoda
3.10 Nematoda
3.11 Crustaceans
4 Challenges in Parasite Vaccine Developments
5 Conclusion
References
Bacterial Biofilm for Oral Vaccination in Aquaculture
1 Introduction
2 Oral Vaccines
3 Biofilm of a Bacterial Pathogen as a Novel Oral Vaccine
4 Antigen Expression in Biofilm
5 Gut Mucosal Immunity with Biofilm Oral Vaccine
6 Biofilm as Immunostimulant in Shrimp
7 Bacterial Biofilm as a Carrier of Subunit Vaccine
8 Conclusion
References
RNA Interference Vaccines for Disease Control in Aquaculture
1 Introduction
2 Principle of RNA Interference
3 Critical Features of RNAi-Based Vaccines
3.1 Target Gene
3.2 Target Sequence Selection
3.3 The RNAi Molecules
4 Plasmid Vectors for RNAi-Based Vaccines
5 Tissue Distribution and Persistence of Plasmid Constructs
6 Concerns Associated with RNAi Vaccines
7 Routes of Delivery
References
Prospects of Vaccination in Crustaceans with Special Reference to Shrimp
1 Introduction
2 Vaccination Trials Against Viruses
2.1 Inactivated Vaccine
2.2 Recombinant Vaccine
2.3 DNA Vaccine
2.4 RNA Interference (RNAi) Approach
3 Vaccination Trials Against Bacterial Diseases in Shrimps
4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Vaccination
5 Mechanism of Vaccination in Crustaceans
6 Summary
References
Methods of Vaccine Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Injection Vaccination
3 Immersion Vaccination
3.1 Direct Immersion (DI)
3.2 Hyperosmotic Infiltration (HI)
3.3 Bath Vaccination
3.4 Flush Vaccination
3.5 Spray Vaccination
3.6 Ultrasound
4 Oral Vaccination
4.1 Biofilm Vaccines
4.2 Microalgal Delivery of Vaccine
4.3 Artemia
4.4 Antigens Expressed in Plants
5 Anal Intubation
6 Intranasal Vaccination
7 Nanoparticle-Based Fish Vaccine Delivery
8 Summary
References
Adjuvants for Fish Vaccines
1 Introduction
2 Adjuvants
2.1 Principle of Adjuvants
2.2 Classification of Adjuvants
2.3 Mode of Action
2.4 Signal 1 Type Adjuvants
2.4.1 Oil Emulsions
2.4.2 Freund´s Complete Adjuvant (FCA)
2.4.3 Freund´s Incomplete Adjuvant (FIA)
2.4.4 Montanide
2.4.5 Other Mineral Oil Adjuvants
2.4.6 Nano/Microparticles as Adjuvants
2.4.7 PLGA Particles
2.4.8 Immune-Stimulating Complexes (ISCOMs)
2.5 TLR Ligands as Adjuvants
2.5.1 Aluminium Containing Adjuvants
2.5.2 ß-Glucans
2.5.3 Saponins
2.5.4 Polyinosinic Polycytidylic Acid (Poly I:C)
2.5.5 Lipopeptides
2.5.6 Flagellin-Toll-Like Receptor 5 Agonist
2.5.7 CpG-Toll-Like Receptor 9 Agonist
2.5.8 Cytokines
3 Conclusion
References
Role of Pattern Recognition Receptors and Interferons in Fish Vaccination
1 Introduction
2 Major Functional Groups of PRRs in Vertebrates with Emphasis on Teleosts
2.1 TLRs
2.2 NLRs
2.3 RLRs
3 Fish Interferons
3.1 Type I IFNs
3.2 Type II IFNs
4 PRR-Mediated Type I IFN Response in Fish
4.1 TLR-Mediated Type I IFN Response
4.2 RLR-Mediated Type I IFN Response
5 PRR Agonists as Adjuvants in Vaccination
6 Fish Type I IFNs as Adjuvant in Vaccination
7 Conclusion
References
Evaluating Efficacy of Vaccines in Finfish
1 Introduction
2 Calculating Relative Percent Survival (RPS)
3 Measuring Specific Antibody Level as a Correlate of Protection
4 Indirect ELISA for Estimating Antibody Levels
5 Measuring Antigen Dose as Correlate of Protective Immunity
References
Biosafety and Regulatory Requirements for Vaccines
1 Biosafety in Aquaculture
2 Some Common Terms
3 Committees Involved in Biosafety
4 Classification of Biosafety Levels and Risk Groups
5 Biosafety Requirements for Vaccines
6 Autogenous Vaccines and Regulatory Issues
7 Regulatory Requirements for Licensing of Vaccines
8 Operator Safety During Injection Vaccination of Fish
9 Conclusion
References
Adverse Effects of Fish Vaccines
1 Introduction
2 Adverse Effects of Different Types of Fish Vaccines
2.1 Live-Attenuated Fish Vaccines
2.2 Inactivated/Killed Vaccines
2.3 Subunit Vaccine
2.4 DNA Vaccine
3 Adverse Effects of Different Vaccination Methods
3.1 Immersion Vaccination
3.2 Oral Vaccination
3.3 Injection Vaccination
3.3.1 Inflammation and Abdominal Lesions
3.3.2 Histological Changes in Organs
3.3.3 Scoring of Adverse Effects of Vaccines
3.3.4 Growth Retardation and Spinal Deformities
3.3.5 Systemic Autoimmunity
4 Risks to Fish Farmers and Consumers
5 Vaccine Failures
6 Measures to Reduce the Adverse Effects
7 Future Perspective
References