Fire Protection Handbook

✍ Scribed by NFPA

• Publisher: National Fire Protection Association
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 3464
• Series: National Fire Protection Association
• Edition: 20
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Fire Protection Handbook, 20th Edition
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Section 1: Safety in the Built Environment
Chapter 1-1: Challenges to Safety in the Built Environment
DEFINING THE CHALLENGES TO SAFETY
RELEVANT MAJOR SOCIETAL TRENDS
MAJOR DATABASES
OVERVIEW OF TYPES OF PERIL CAUSING HARM
FIRE, BURNS, AND ELECTRIC SHOCK
FALLS
NATURAL DISASTERS
FATALITIES INVOLVING HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-2: Fundamentals of Structurally Safe Building Design
CHALLENGES TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
DESIGN LOADS AND FORCES
BASIC BUILDING SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
FUNDAMENTAL DESIGN CONCEPTS
BASIC DESIGN METHODOLOGY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-3: Codes and Standards for the Built Environment
HISTORY OF REGULATIONS FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
CONCEPTS OF SAFETY VERSUS RISK
ROLE OF CODES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
INTERNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
ROLE OF STANDARDS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNITED STATES
ENFORCEMENT OF CODES AND STANDARDS
CODES FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-4: Legal Issues for the Designer and Enforcer
GENERAL LAND USE AND BUILDING REGULATION
KEY LEGAL CONCEPTS FOR THE ENGINEER AND ENFORCER
THE ENGINEER AND NEGLIGENCE
THE ENGINEER AND THE AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT
ENGINEER AND ENFORCER INSPECTIONS
LIABILITY OF CODE ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-5: Fire Prevention and Code Enforcement
FIRE PREVENTION PERSONNEL
FIRE PREVENTION INSPECTIONS
CODE ENFORCEMENT
RECORD KEEPING
PLAN REVIEW PRACTICES
CONSULTATION
FIRE INVESTIGATION
PUBLIC FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY EDUCATION
OTHER ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-6: Premises Security
SECURITY THREATS
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY
SECURITY PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
SECURITY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT (SVA)
GUIDELINES, STANDARDS, AND CODES
ARCHITECTURAL SECURITY ELEMENTS
TECHNOLOGY SECURITY ELEMENTS
OPERATIONAL SECURITY ELEMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-7: Protecting Against Extreme Events
HAZARD EVENTS
ESTABLISHING PROTECTION AND PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES
PERFORMANCE-BASED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
MITIGATION STRATEGIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-8: Emergency Management and Business Continuity
PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
RESOURCES
PLANNING
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
BUSINESS CONTINUITY
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
TRAINING, DRILLS, AND EXERCISES
PROGRAM EVALUATION AND MAINTENANCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 1-9: Systems Approach to Fire-Safe Building Design
DESIGN AND FIRE SAFETY
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE
FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE AND FIRE SAFETY DESIGN STRATEGIES
FIRE PREVENTION STRATEGIES
CONTROL STRATEGIES
FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM STRATEGIES
SUPPRESSION STRATEGIES
MANAGING THE EXPOSED
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 2: Basics of Fire and Fire Science
Chapter 2-1: Physics and Chemistry of Fire
HEAT TRANSFER
FLAME STRUCTURE
FIRE CHEMISTRY
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN FLAMES
BURNING OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-2: Physics of Fire Configuration
FLAMMABLE GAS JETS AND LIQUID SPRAYS
POOLS OR HORIZONTAL, UPWARD-FACING SURFACES
WALLS OR VERTICAL SURFACES
CEILING OR HORIZONTAL, DOWNWARD-FACING SURFACES
INCLINED MATERIAL SURFACES
PARALLEL FACING VERTICAL SURFACES
CEILING-CORNER SURFACE COMBINATIONS
COMBUSTIBLE DUCTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-3: Flammability Hazard of Materials
MATERIAL RESPONSE TO INCIDENT HEAT FLUX
IGNITABILITY
IGNITION TEST METHODS
HEAT RELEASE RATE
HRR TEST METHODS
FLAME PROPAGATION PROPENSITY
FLAME SPREAD TEST METHODS
SMOKE YIELD
SMOKE YIELD TEST METHODS
EXTINGUISHABILITY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-4: Dynamics of Compartment Fire Growth
FIRE GROWTH
CLASSIFICATIONS OF FIRE
EFFECTS OF COMPARTMENT BOUNDARIES ON FIRE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-5: Basics of Fire Containment
TERMINOLOGY
FIRE RESISTANCE
EXTERIOR FIRE SPREAD
SAFE SEPARATION DISTANCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-6: Fundamentals of Fire Detection
SIMPLIFIED FIRE DEVELOPMENT
FIRE SIGNATURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-7: Theory of Fire Extinguishment
MECHANISMS FOR AFFECTING THE COMBUSTION PROCESS
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH WATER
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH AQUEOUS FOAMS
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH WATER MIST
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH INERT GASES
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH HALOCARBON AGENTS
EXTINGUISHMENT WITH DRY CHEMICAL AGENTS
SPECIAL CASES OF EXTINGUISHMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2-8: Explosions
FUNDAMENTAL EXPLOSION PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF EXPLOSIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 3: Information and Analysis for Fire Protection
Chapter 3-1: An Overview of the Fire Problem and Fire Protection
FIRE LOSS TRENDS
FIRE PREVENTION
FIRE PROTECTION
MATERIALS, PRODUCTS, AND ENVIRONMENTS
DETECTION AND ALARM
SUPPRESSION
CONFINING FIRES
EVACUATION OF OCCUPANTS
SYSTEMS APPROACHES FOR PROPERTY CLASSES
ORGANIZING FOR FIRE PROTECTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-2: Fire Loss Investigation
ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN FIRE LOSS INVESTIGATION
ACCESS TO FIRE SCENES FOR INVESTIGATIONS
ROLE OF NFPA 921
RECONSTRUCTION AND FAILURE ANALYSIS PROCESS
ORGANIZATION FOR FIRE INVESTIGATION
EDUCATION AND TRAINING OF FIRE INVESTIGATION PERSONNEL
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-3: Fire Data Collection and Databases
HISTORY OF NFIRS
NFIRS—A THREE-TIERED SYSTEM
NFIRS DEFINITIONS
GETTING TO NFIRS 5.0
COMPUTERS AND NFIRS
GETTING THE BIG PICTURE ON FIRES
OTHER SOURCES OF DATA
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-4: Use of Fire Incident Data and Statistics
USING DATA TO CHARACTERIZE THE FIRE PROBLEM
BASIC TOOLS FOR NFIRS ANALYSIS
DATA SOURCE ISSUES
APPROACHES TO FIRE DATA ANALYSIS
USING DATA IN PROGRAM AND STRATEGY ANALYSIS
COMPARING ESTIMATES USING DIFFERENT DATABASES OR ANALYTIC APPROACHES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-5: Introduction to Fire Modeling
TYPES OF FIRE MODELS
ZONE FIRE MODELS
COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD) MODELS
PROBABILISTIC FIRE MODELS
FIRE MODELING TRENDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-6: Applying Models to Fire Protection Engineering Problems and Fire Investigations
DEFINITION OF FIRE MODELS
TYPES OF MODELS
MODEL APPLICATIONS
COMPUTER MODELING IN FIRE INVESTIGATION
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SELECTING AND USING FIRE MODELS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-7: Fire Hazard Analysis Techniques
PERFORMING A FIRE HAZARD ANALYSIS
DEVELOPING FIRE SCENARIOS AND DESIGN FIRE SCENARIOS
QUANTIFICATION OF DESIGN FIRE SCENARIOS
PREDICTION OF HAZARDS
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-8: Fire Risk Analysis
OVERVIEW OF FIRE ANALYSIS
GENERAL APPROACHES TO RISK EVALUATION
ANALYSIS FRAMEWORKS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-9: Closed Form Enclosure Fire Calculations
ENCLOSURE FIRES
ENERGY RELEASE RATE ESTIMATES
QUANTIFICATION OF FIRE HAZARDS
ENCLOSURE FIRE EFFECTS
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE APPLICATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-10: Performance-Based Codes and Standards for Fire Safety
PERFORMANCE-BASED VERSUS PRESCRIPTIVE-BASED REGULATIONS
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN GOALS
THE PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PROCESS
THE ROLE OF CODES AND STANDARDS IN THE PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PROCESS
PRECEDENTS FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED CODES AND STANDARDS
NFPA CODES AND STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL USE OF PERFORMANCE-BASED REGULATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3-11: Overview of Performance-Based Fire Protection Design
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN DEFINED
PERFORMANCE-BASED FIRE PROTECTION DESIGN PROCESS
TIME AS A PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN PARAMETER
DETERMINISTIC HAZARD VERSUS PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENT
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN CASE STUDY
DEVELOPING FIRE SCENARIOS AND DESIGN FIRES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 4: Human Factors in Emergencies
Chapter 4-1: Human Behavior and Fire
AWARENESS OF THE FIRE
DECISION PROCESSES OF THE INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOR OF OCCUPANTS
DISABLED OR IMPAIRED OCCUPANTS
FIRE EXIT DRILLS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4-2: Calculation Methods for Egress Prediction
COMPONENTS OF EVACUATION TIME
ESTIMATING EVACUATION TIME
CALCULATION METHODS FOR TRAVEL TIME
COMPUTER SIMULATION AND MODELING OF EGRESS DESIGN
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4-3: Concepts of Egress Design
FUNDAMENTALS OF DESIGN
LIFE SAFETY CODE ®
INFLUENCES ON EGRESS
DEFINITION OF THE TERM "MEANS OF EGRESS"
CAPACITY OF MEANS OF EGRESS
EGRESS FACILITIES AND ARRANGEMENTS
EGRESS LIGHTING AND EXIT SIGNS
ALARM SYSTEMS
EMERGENCY EGRESS AND RELOCATION DRILLS
MAINTENANCE OF THE MEANS OF EGRESS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4-4: Techniques of Crowd Management
OVERVIEW OF CROWD MANAGEMENT AND CROWD CONTROL
CROWD DISASTER MODEL
CROWD MANAGEMENT EXAMPLES AND DISASTER INCIDENTS
CROWD MANAGEMENT PHASES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4-5: Strategies for Occupant Evacuation During Emergencies
OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS
TOTAL EVACUATION COMPARED TO ALTERNATIVE EVACUATION STRATEGIES
HORIZONTAL EXITING
EVACUATING BY ELEVATOR
PREPLANNING FOR FIRE INCIDENTS
NONFIRE EMERGENCIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 5: Fire and Life Safety Education
Chapter 5-1: Principles and Techniques of Fire and Life Safety Education
PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING FOR FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY EDUCATORS
THE LEARNING PROCESS
AGE AND LEARNING
EFFECTIVENESS OF MESSAGES
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY EDUCATION MODELS
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
TARGET AUDIENCE CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
OTHER EDUCATIONAL TECHNIQUES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-2: Fire and Life Safety Education Messages
EDUCATION, MESSAGE, AND COMMUNICATION DEFINED
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS
APPROPRIATE AND EFFECTIVE MESSAGES
FIVE-STEP PLANNING PROCESS AS A TOOL FOR MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT
ONGOING NFPA ACTIVITIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-3: Disaster Preparedness Education
TYPES OF DISASTERS
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY EDUCATOR
PRE-DISASTER ORGANIZATIONS, PROGRAMS, AND ACTIVITIES
ROLES/ACTIVITIES BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER A DISASTER
NATURAL DISASTER MESSAGES
TORNADO-SPECIFIC MESSAGES
HURRICANE-SPECIFIC MESSAGES
WINTER STORM–SPECIFIC MESSAGES
LANDSLIDE-SPECIFIC MESSAGES
RETOOLING TO INCLUDE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS EDUCATION
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS RESOURCES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-4: Media’s Role in Fire and Life Safety Education
DEFINING TERMS
COMMUNICATION GOALS
COMMUNITY MEDIA SERVICES
MATCHING THE MEDIUM WITH THE MESSAGE
PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS
EMERGENCY SCENE PUBLIC INFORMATION
EXPLORING LEGAL ISSUES
FUTURE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND PUBLIC EDUCATION
EVALUATING EFFORTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-5: Reaching High-Risk Groups
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
OLDER ADULTS
LOW-INCOME AUDIENCES
FIRST NATIONS POPULATIONS
FIRE SAFETY FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES
HOME SECURITY AND FIRE SAFETY
NATIONAL PROGRAMS IN THE UNITED STATES
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-6: Juvenile Firesetting
TERMINOLOGY
MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN INVOLVED IN FIRESETTING BEHAVIOR
MOTIVATION FOR FIRESETTING BEHAVIOR
RESPONSE TO JUVENILE FIRESETTING
PITFALLS
TRAINING
INFORMATION RESOURCES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-7: Using Data for Public Education Planning and Decision Making
THE ROLE OF DATA IN COMMUNITY FIRE EDUCATION PLANNING
PROBLEM DEFINITION
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
TARGET AUDIENCE CONSIDERATIONS
MAPPING PROGRAM DELIVERY
WAS THE TARGET AUDIENCE REACHED?
DID THE STRATEGY WORK?
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5-8: Evaluation Techniques for Fire and Life Safety Education
THE EVALUATION PROCESS
FORMATIVE EVALUATION
PROCESS EVALUATION
IMPACT EVALUATION
OUTCOME EVALUATION
HANDLING UNCONTROLLABLE FACTORS
USES FOR EVALUATION
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 6: Characteristics of Materials and Products
Chapter 6-1: Fire Hazards of Materials
BURNING OF MATERIALS
EXTREMES OF BURNING BEHAVIOR
MEASURING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS
FLAME RESISTANCE TREATMENTS AND FIRE PERFORMANCE TESTING
HAZARDS OF SMOKE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-2: Combustion Products and Their Effects on Life Safety
FIRE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
GENERATION OF FIRE GASES
TOXICITY OF FIRE GASES
QUANTIFICATION OF TOXIC POTENCY
TEST METHODS FOR TOXICITY OF SMOKE
ESTIMATION OF TOXIC HAZARD IN FIRES
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXIC HAZARDS IN FULL-SCALE FIRES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-3: Concepts and Protocols of Fire Testing
BACKGROUND
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE TESTS
FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS
REACTION-TO-FIRE TESTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-4: Wood and Wood-Based Products
NATURE OF WOOD AND WOOD-BASED PRODUCTS
PHYSICAL NATURE OF WOOD
VARIABLES INFLUENCING COMBUSTIBILITY
IGNITION OF WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS
COMBUSTION OF WOOD AND WOOD-BASED MATERIALS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-5: Fibers and Textiles
FIBERS
TEXTILE MANUFACTURING
TEXTILE COMBUSTIBILITY
FLAME-RETARDANT TREATMENTS
RELATIONSHIP OF FLAMMABILITY AND END USE
TEXTILE FLAMMABILITY TESTS
TEXTILES IN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-6: Upholstered Furniture and Mattresses
STATISTICAL BACKGROUND
MATERIALS USED IN UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE
SIMILARITIES OF AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE AND MATTRESSES
SMOLDERING AND FLAMING
UPHOLSTERED ITEM FLAMMABILITY STANDARDS
TESTING RESISTANCE TO FLAMING HEAT SOURCES
CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNITION SOURCES
FLAME SPREAD
HEAT RELEASE RATE (HRR)
IMPROVEMENTS IN FIRE PERFORMANCE OF FURNITURE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-7: Fire-Retardant and Flame-Resistant Treatment of Cellulosic Materials
DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FIRE-RETARDANT TREATING METHODS AND LIMITATIONS
PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS OF TREATMENTS
WOOD
WOOD-BASED COMPOSITE PANELS
PAPER
CELLULOSIC INSULATION
MISUSE OF FIRE RETARDANTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-8: Dusts
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EXPLOSIBILITY OF DUSTS
DUST CLOUD IGNITION SOURCES
DEFLAGRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED COMBUSTIBLE DUSTS
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DESTRUCTIVENESS OF DUST EXPLOSIONS
DUST EXPLOSION TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-9: Metals
OVERVIEW
FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
MAGNESIUM
TITANIUM
ALKALI METALS: SODIUM, POTASSIUM, NaK, AND LITHIUM
ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
CALCIUM AND ZINC
ALUMINUM
RADIOACTIVE METALS
METALS NOT NORMALLY COMBUSTIBLE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-10: Gases
GASES DEFINED
CLASSIFICATION OF GASES
BASIC HAZARDS OF GASES
GAS EMERGENCY CONTROL
SPECIFIC GASES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-11: Medical Gases
TYPES AND HAZARDS OF MEDICAL GASES
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR CENTRALLY PIPED MEDICAL GASES
OXYGEN AND COMPRESSED AIR
HELIUM-OXYGEN MIXTURES AND CARBON DIOXIDE
VACUUM SYSTEMS
RESPIRATORY THERAPY
ANESTHETIC AGENTS
HEALTH CARE FACILITY LABORATORIES
FIRE PREVENTION AND FIRE RESPONSE
HYPERBARIC CHAMBERS
AMBULATORY CARE FACILITIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-12: Flammable and Combustible Liquids
HAZARDS OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
CLASSIFICATION OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
FIRE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDS THAT BURN
IGNITION TEMPERATURE (AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE, AUTOGENOUS IGNITION TEMPERATURE)
BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUIDS THAT BURN
FIRE PREVENTION METHODS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-13: Polymeric Materials
TERMINOLOGY
THE FAMILY OF POLYMERS
USES OF PLASTICS
ADDITIVES AND BLENDS
MAJOR GROUPS OF PLASTICS
NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC RUBBER
CELLULOSE NITRATE (CN)
FIRE BEHAVIOR OF PLASTICS
FIRE TESTS FOR PLASTICS
INSTALLATION SAFEGUARDS
FIRE- AND FLAME-RETARDANT TREATMENTS
FIGHTING FIRES IN PLASTICS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-14: Pesticides in the Workplace
REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING
FACILITY PLANNING FOR RISK REDUCTION
EMERGENCY PLANS
SECURITY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-15: Explosives and Blasting Agents
OVERVIEW
NATURE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
TYPES OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
CLASSES OF EXPLOSIVES
MANUFACTURE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
TRANSPORTATION OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
STORAGE OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
FIRE PROTECTION FOR AND SAFETY AND SECURITY ISSUES INVOLVING EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-16: Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products
THE AEROSOL PRODUCT
CLASSIFICATION AND FIRE BEHAVIOR OF AEROSOLS
AEROSOL FILLING PLANTS
PRODUCT STORAGE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6-17: Tables and Charts
NOTES TO TABLES 6.17.1, 6.17.2, 6.17.3, 6.17.4, AND 6.17.5
NOTES TO TABLE 6.17.7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 7: Storage and Handling of Materials
Chapter 7-1: Storage and Handling of Solid Fuels
COAL AS A FUEL
STORAGE PRACTICES FOR COAL
GAS GENERATION AND EXPLOSIONS WITH COAL
COAL HANDLING AND COAL DUST EXPLOSIONS
WOOD AS A FUEL
HAZARDS OF WOOD FUELS
STORAGE PRACTICES FOR WOOD FUELS
HANDLING WOOD FUELS
FIRE PREVENTION FOR WOOD FUELS
FIRE PROTECTION FOR WOOD FUELS
SOLID WASTE AS FUEL
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7-2: Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids
TANK STORAGE
OTHER STORAGE OF FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
HANDLING OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
TRANSPORTATION OF FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7-3: Storage of Gases
GAS CONTAINERS
STORAGE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7-4: Storage and Handling of Chemicals
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PRINCIPLES OF GOOD STORAGE
TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS
OXIDIZING CHEMICALS
COMBUSTIBLE CHEMICALS
UNSTABLE CHEMICALS
WATER- AND AIR-REACTIVE CHEMICALS
CORROSIVE CHEMICALS
RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
MATERIAL SUBJECT TO SELF-HEATING
MIXTURE, TRANSPORTATION, AND DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7-5: Hazardous Waste Control
REGULATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
SOURCES OF WASTE
CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE
COLLECTION, HANDLING, AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL
SPECIFIC WASTES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 8: Special Equipment
Chapter 8-1: Air-Moving Equipment
COMPONENTS OF AIR-MOVING SYSTEMS
HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC USES
FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-2: Chemical Processing Equipment
PLANT SITING
EXPOSURE PROTECTION
IGNITION SOURCES
CONTROL OF SPILLS
HEAT TRANSFER HAZARDS
STABILITY AND SHOCK SENSITIVITY
CHEMICAL PLANT OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-3: Materials-Handling Equipment
POWERED INDUSTRIAL TRUCKS
MECHANICAL CONVEYORS AND ELEVATORS
PNEUMATIC CONVEYORS
CRANES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-4: Automated Equipment
OVERVIEW
AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT ANALYZED
ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS
DESIGN SOLUTIONS
STANDARDS RELATED TO AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-5: Lasers
LASER PROPERTIES AND COMPONENTS
LASER OPERATION
HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF LASERS
HAZARDS AND CONTROL MEASURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-6: Protection of Electronic Equipment
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL FACILITY, LOCATION, AND CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATION FEATURES
FIRE PROTECTION
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM
SPECIAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
SMOKE ALARMS
EMERGENCY PLANS AND PROCEDURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-7: Heat Transfer Systems and Fluids
TYPES OF HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS AND FLUIDS
HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
HAZARDS OF ORGANIC HEAT TRANSFER FLUIDS
ORGANIC OR SYNTHETIC HEAT TRANSFER FLUID SYSTEM SAFEGUARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-8: Industrial and Commercial Heat Utilization Equipment
INDUSTRIAL HEAT UTILIZATION EQUIPMENT
OVENS AND FURNACES
CLASS A OVENS AND FURNACES
CLASS B INDUSTRIAL FURNACES
CLASS C INDUSTRIAL FURNACES USING A SPECIAL PROCESSING ATMOSPHERE
CLASS D VACUUM FURNACES
AFTERBURNER AND CATALYTIC COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
HEAT RECOVERY
LUMBER KILNS
DEHYDRATORS AND DRYERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-9: Oil Quenching and Molten Salt Baths
OIL AND POLYMER QUENCHING
QUENCH TANKS
MATERIAL TRANSFER
OIL TEMPERATURE CONTROL
CENTRAL OIL SYSTEM
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
MOLTEN SALT BATHS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-10: Stationary Combustion Engines and Fuel Cells
STATIONARY COMBUSTION ENGINES
FUEL CELLS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-11: Fluid Power Systems
FLUIDS UNDER PRESURE AND FLUID LEAKAGE
FIRE CHARACTERISTICS
LESS HAZARDOUS HYDRAULIC FLUIDS (FIRE-RESISTANT FLUIDS)
ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE FLUIDS
INTERNATIONAL FLUID DESIGNATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-12: Refrigeration Systems
EFFECTS OF REGULATORY CHANGES
APPLICATIONS, CLASSIFICATIONS, AND BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF SYSTEMS AND THEIR BASIC HAZARDS
HAZARD CONTROL AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 8-13: Electrical Systems and Appliances
ARCING AND OVERHEATING IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
ORIGINS OF ELECTRICAL FIRES IN BUILDINGS
CODES AND STANDARDS
BUILDING WIRING, DESIGN, AND PROTECTION
ELECTRICAL HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR OUTDOOR USE
LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO MOISTURE AND NONCOMBUSTIBLE DUSTS
SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
EMERGENCY SYSTEMS
SPECIAL OCCUPANCY ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 9: Processes and Facilities
Chapter 9-1: Woodworking Facilities and Processes
FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
PROCESS HAZARDS MANAGEMENT
WOODWORKING PROCESSES
FIRE PREVENTION
FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-2: Spray Finishing and Powder Coating
TYPES OF COATINGS
SPRAY PROCESS EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
POWDER COATING PROCESS EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
FLUID SPRAY PROCESS HAZARDS AND CONTROL
POWDER COATING PROCESS HAZARDS AND CONTROL
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-3: Dipping and Coating Processes
THE PROCESSES
PROCESS HAZARDS
HAZARD REDUCTION
FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-4: Plastics Industry and Related Process Hazards
OVERVIEW OF THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY
PLASTICS PROCESSING
RAW MATERIALS
PRODUCTION PROCESS
FIRE HAZARDS
SAFEGUARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-5: Metalworking Processes
THE METALWORKING PROCESS
ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF MACHINING
FIRE HAZARDS
SAFEGUARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-6: Welding, Cutting, and Other Hot Work
PREVENTION GUIDELINES AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
CONTRACT OPERATIONS
PROCESSES USING ELECTRICITY
OXYFUEL GAS PROCESSES
THERMAL SPRAYING (THSP)
SAFEGUARDS
SPECIAL SITUATIONS AND ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-7: Storage and Handling of Grain Mill Products
MODERN ELEVATOR DESIGN
RAW MATERIALS
STORAGE
HANDLING
ELEVATORS
DUST CONTROL
FIRE HAZARD
EXPLOSION HAZARD
SAFEGUARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-8: Protection of Records
STORAGE OPTIONS
DAMAGEABILITY AND SALVAGE
RECORDS STORAGE
FIRE RISK ANALYSIS
FIRE RISK REDUCTION
AUTOMATIC EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
FIRE PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
PROTECTION LIMITATIONS
RELEVANT FIRE EXPERIENCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-9: Semiconductor Manufacturing
PREPRODUCTION PROCESS
PRODUCTION PROCESS
SEMICONDUCTOR-RELATED DEVELOPMENTS AND GUIDELINES
HAZARD CONTROL IN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING
FIRE HAZARDS
HEALTH HAZARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-10: Oilseed Solvent Extraction Plants
SOLVENT EXTRACTION PROCESS
HAZARDS OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION
FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-11: Protection of Wastewater Treatment Plants
OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
GENERAL HAZARDS
PROCESS-RELATED HAZARDS
FIRE AND EXPLOSION MITIGATION
FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-12: Fire Protection of Laboratories Using Chemicals
LABORATORY DESIGN
PROTECTION STRATEGIES
RISK REDUCTION
VENTILATION AND LABORATORY HOODS
PREVENTION AND EMERGENCY PLANNING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-13: Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities
U.S. TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
FIRE RECORD
CENTRAL OFFICE
TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
FIRE PROTECTION FOR THE PUBLIC NETWORK
PRIVATE TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
A GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE
FIRE DEPARTMENT CONCERNS
APPLICATION BEYOND THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-14: Electric Generating Plants
GENERAL INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
MANAGEMENT POLICY AND DIRECTION
GENERAL PLANT DESIGN
LIFE SAFETY
WIND ENERGY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-15: Nuclear Facilities
NUCLEAR REACTORS
RADIATION MACHINES
FACILITIES HANDLING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
RADIATION EXPOSURE
FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-16: Mining and Mineral Processing
SURFACE MINING METHODS
UNDERGROUND MINING METHODS
MINERAL AND COAL PROCESSING METHODS
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
FIRE AND EXPLOSION SAFEGUARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9-17: Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
FIRE HAZARDS
IGNITION AND COMBUSTION OF MATERIALS
DESIGN OF SYSTEMS FOR OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES
FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT IN OXYGEN-ENRICHED ATMOSPHERES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 10: Building Services
Chapter 10-1: Emergency and Standby Power Supplies
POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM CODES AND STANDARDS
ENERGY SOURCES
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR POWER SYSTEMS
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10-2: Heating Systems and Appliances
FUELS AND METHODS OF FIRING
CONTROLS FOR FUEL BURNERS
HEATING APPLIANCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT BY DUCTS AND PIPES
INSTALLATION OF HEATING APPLIANCES
CHIMNEY AND VENT CONNECTORS
VENTS
CHIMNEYS
FIREPLACES AND FIREPLACE STOVES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10-3: Building Transportation Systems
CODE REQUIREMENTS
ELEVATORS
DUMBWAITERS
ESCALATORS
MOVING WALKS
TESTS AND INSPECTIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10-4: Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
SYSTEM TYPES AND OPERATION
LOCATION OF EQUIPMENT
FRESH AIR INTAKES
AIR COOLING AND HEATING EQUIPMENT
AIR FILTERS AND CLEANERS
AIR DISTRIBUTION
RESTRICTING SPREAD OF SMOKE AND FIRE
FANS AND CONTROLS
UNIT AIR CONDITIONERS
MAINTENANCE
ENERGY CONSERVATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10-5: Ventilation of Commercial Cooking Operations
VENTILATION
COMPONENTS
FIRE CONCERNS WITH SYSTEM OPERATION DESIGN
FIRE CONCERNS WITH SYSTEM COMPONENT DESIGN
FIRE CONCERNS WITH SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10-6: Boiler Furnaces
OVERVIEW
FUELS
OIL- AND GAS-BURNING SYSTEMS
PIPING AND CONTROL DEVICES
PULVERIZED COAL SYSTEMS
FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION
SPECIAL FBC HAZARDS
BOILER-FURNACE HAZARDS
OPEN REGISTER LIGHTOFF AND CONTINUOUS PURGE PROCEDURE
FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROTECTION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SMALL BOILERS
INTERLOCKS, ALARMS, AND OPERATOR COMPETENCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 11: Fire Prevention Practices
Chapter 11-1: Waste Handling and Control
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
SOLID WASTE STORAGE ROOMS
WASTE CHUTES AND HANDLING SYSTEMS
INCINERATORS
WASTE COMPACTORS
SHREDDERS
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
WASTE MATERIALS
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
ULTIMATE DISPOSAL
CODES, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11-2: Housekeeping Practices
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING DEFINED
ESSENTIALS OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
BUILDING CARE AND MAINTENANCE
OCCUPANCY AND PROCESS HOUSEKEEPING
OUTDOOR HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES
INSPECTIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11-3: Building and Site Planning for Fire Safety
BUILDING INTERIOR DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
BUILDING DESIGN AND FIRE DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS
BUILDING DESIGN AND FIRE SUPPRESSION
SITE PLANNING
EXPOSURE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11-4: Fire Hazards of Construction, Alteration, and Demolition of Buildings
PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION AND ALTERATIONS
GENERAL CONCERNS
SUPERVISION OF FIRE PROTECTION
DEMOLITION OPERATIONS
ASBESTOS REMOVAL
UNDERGROUND OPERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11-5: Control of Electrostatic Ignition Sources
STATIC ELECTRICITY DEFINED
CHARGE SEPARATION
DISSIPATION OF STATIC ELECTRICITY
CONTROL OF IGNITABLE MIXTURES
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
GASES
DUSTS AND FIBERS
STATIC DETECTORS
DEFINITIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11-6: Lightning Protection Systems
FACTORS IN THE NEED FOR LIGHTNING PROTECTION
NATURE OF LIGHTNING
TRADITIONAL THEORY OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION
PROPERTY PROTECTION
PROTECTION OF PERSONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 12: Non-Emergency Fire Department Functions
Chapter 12-1: Planning for Public Fire-Rescue Protection
INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT
BACKGROUND ISSUES CONCERNING FIRE PROTECTION
STEPS IN PLANNING
EVALUATION AS PART OF PLANNING
PUBLIC PROTECTION CLASSIFICATIONS
PLANNING PROCESSES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-2: Organizational Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation
ORGANIZATIONAL ACCEPTANCE
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
REPORTS AND REPORTING CYCLES
MEASUREMENTS AND BENCHMARKS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-3: Needs Assessment and Hazard Analysis
OVERVIEW OF ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS AND RESOURCES
GENERAL PLANS
ASSESSMENT PROCESSES AND TOOLS
STAKEHOLDERS AND ASSESSMENT INFORMATION RESOURCES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-4: Managing Fire-Rescue Departments
EARLY FIRE SUPPRESSION AND FIRE REGULATIONS
TYPES OF FIRE DEPARTMENTS
ORGANIZING FIRE SERVICE AGENCIES
ORGANIZING FIRE-RESCUE DEPARTMENTS
DEPARTMENT STRUCTURE
ORGANIZING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE
MUTUAL AID AND MAJOR EMERGENCIES
COMMUNICATIONS
MANAGEMENT AND BUDGETING
STAFFING PRACTICES
PROCURING EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-5: Information Management and Computer Technology
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY NETWORKS
MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS
EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS
INTERNAL AND PUBLIC COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS
PLANNING, TRAINING, AND RESEARCH
INTEGRATION OF SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-6: Liability of Fire Service Organizations for Negligent Fire Fighting
NEGLIGENCE IN THE FIRE-FIGHTING CONTEXT
THE FIRE SERVICE AND THE DOCTRINE OF GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY
LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR THE FIRE SERVICE TODAY
PUBLIC DUTY RULE AS AN ADDED PROTECTION FOR THE FIRE SERVICE
SUMMARY
Chapter 12-7: Safety, Medical, and Health Issues and Programs
EVOLUTION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH LEGISLATION
NFPA STANDARDS
DEFINITION OF SAFETY OFFICER ROLES
RISK MANAGEMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT MODEL
INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEM (ICS)
BLENDING INCIDENT COMMAND SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION ISSUES
INCIDENT SCENE REHABILITATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-8: Effect of Building Construction and Fire Protection Systems on Fire Fighter Safety
GENERAL CONCERNS
SIMPLIFIED PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CODES AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATION
SPECIFIC CONCERNS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-9: Fire and Emergency Services Protective Clothing and Protective Equipment
NFPA INVOLVEMENT
OSHA INVOLVEMENT
NFPA PPE STANDARDS
THIRD-PARTY CERTIFICATION PROGRAM
CLEANING AND MAINTAINING PPE
STANDARDS ON PPE FOR FIRE-FIGHTING OPERATIONS
STANDARDS ON PPE FOR RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
STANDARD ON PPE FOR PERSONAL ALERT SAFETY SYSTEMS (PASS)
STANDARDS ON PPE FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
STANDARDS ON PPE FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS OPERATIONS
STANDARDS ON PPE FOR SPECIAL OPERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-10: Training Programs for Fire and Emergency Service Personnel
NEED FOR TRAINING
ORGANIZATION OF TRAINING DELIVERY
ENSURING QUALITY INSTRUCTION
INTERNAL TRAINING PROGRAMS
EXTERNAL TRAINING SOURCES
TRAINING SAFETY
TRAINING RECORDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-11: Industrial Fire Loss Prevention
FIRE RISK MANAGEMENT
FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
LOSS PREVENTION PROGRAM MOTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT LOSS PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROGRAM FRAMEWORK
QUALITY GRADING OF MANAGEMENT LOSS CONTROL PROGRAMS
EMERGENCY ORGANIZATIONS AND INDUSTRIAL FIRE BRIGADES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-12: Disaster Planning and Response Services
NIMS/ICS APPROACH TO EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
PHASES OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
EVACUATION
HAZARD VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
RESOURCE TYPING
CONTINUITY OF GOVERNMENT (COG)
CONTINUITY OF OPERATIONS PLAN (COOP)
MUTUAL AID AGREEMENTS
LEVELS OF DISASTER PREPARATION
GOVERNMENT VERSUS THE PUBLIC’S RESPONSIBILITY
EMERGENCY SUPPORT FUNCTIONS, PUBLIC INFORMATION, AND RESOURCES
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEVELS OF GOVERNMENTS AND PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS
INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-13: GIS for Fire Station Locations and Response Protocols
GIS OVERVIEW
GIS ANALYSIS
FIRE STATION LOCATION PLANNING
RESPONSE/TRAVEL TIME STANDARDS
DETERMINING FIRE STATION LOCATIONS
FIRE STATION SITE SELECTION FACTORS
GIS RESPONSE PROTOCOLS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-14: Fire Rescue Stations and Fire Service Training Centers
FIRE RESCUE STATION DESIGN
FIRE SERVICE TRAINING CENTER DESIGN
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-15: Public Emergency Services Alarm, Dispatch, and Communications Systems
COMMUNICATION CENTERS
RADIO COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
PERSONNEL
CONSOLIDATION OF COMMUNICATION CENTERS
REPORTING AN EMERGENCY
PROCESSING COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN THE COMMUNICATION CENTER
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-16: Fire Department Apparatus and Equipment
APPARATUS
ROADABILITY
EQUIPMENT CARRIED ON APPARATUS
APPARATUS PROCUREMENT POLICIES
INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE, TESTING, AND RETIREMENT OF APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT
GROUND LADDERS
HOSE, COUPLINGS, AND NOZZLES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-17: Pre-Incident Planning for Industrial and Municipal Emergency Response
PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING DEFINED
PLANNING PROCESS
DATA COMPONENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-18: Pre-Incident Planning for Emergency Response
OVERVIEW OF THE PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING PROCESS
"COAL WAS WEALTH" PROCESS
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND DISSEMINATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12-19: Community Risk Reduction
COMPONENTS AND FUNDAMENTALS OF A COMMUNITY RISK REDUCTION INITIATIVE
THE FIVE "E"s
ROLE OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IN COMMUNITY RISK REDUCTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 13: Organizing for Public Sector Emergency Response
Chapter 13-1: Fireground Operations
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING
SIZE-UP
INCIDENT ACTION PLAN
DEPLOYMENT AND ORGANIZATION
LIFE SAFETY
EXTINGUISHMENT
PROPERTY CONSERVATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-2: Organizing Rescue Operations
SPECIALIZED TECHNICAL RESCUE
COMMUNITY RESOURCE PLANNING (CRP)
DEVELOPMENT OF A CRP DATABASE
CRP AGREEMENTS
INFORMATION MAINTENANCE
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PLANNING PROCESS
TECHNICAL RESCUE TEAMS AND PROGRAM EXAMPLES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-3: Fire Streams
FIRE DEPARTMENT PUMPERS
NOZZLES
HOSE LINE FIRE STREAM CALCULATIONS
REACTION FORCES IN HOSE LINES, NOZZLES, AND AERIAL DEVICES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-4: Alternate Water Supplies
SOURCES OF ALTERNATE WATER SUPPLIES
OCCUPANCY HAZARD CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURE AND SITE SURVEY
NATURAL WATER SOURCES
DEVELOPED SOURCES OF WATER
AGREEMENTS/PERMITS
ESTIMATING AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLY CAPACITY
WATER SUPPLY VEHICLES,WATER SHUTTLE OPERATIONS, AND DRIVERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-5: Wildland Fire Management
BRIEF HISTORY OF U.S. WILDLAND FIRES
CHALLENGES TO MANAGING U.S. WILDLANDS
PRINCIPLES OF COMBUSTION
TOPOGRAPHY
FUELS
SPECIAL FIRE BEHAVIOR FACTORS
WILDLAND/URBAN INTERFACE (WUI)
FIREWISE AND FIREWISE COMMUNITIES/USA
WILDLAND FIRE ORGANIZATIONS
LEGISLATION AND POLICY
FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT AFFECT PUBLIC FIRE SAFETY
FIRE DETECTION, SUPPRESSION, AND RESOURCES
FIRE PREVENTION
RESEARCH
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-6: Public Fire Protection and Hazmat Management
DEFINITION OF A HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT PROGRAMS
FEDERAL HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LAWS
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS REGULATIONS
VOLUNTARY CONSENSUS STANDARDS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-7: Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF)
OVERVIEW
ARFF REGULATORY AND STANDARD-DEVELOPING ORGANIZATIONS
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS
ARFF AGENTS
ARFF VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT
RESPONSE TIME REQUIREMENTS
ARFF TRAINING REQUIREMENTS
ARFF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
AIRCRAFT EMERGENCIES
ARFF ACTIONS
CARGO AIRCRAFT
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND SCENE PRESERVATION
AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-8: Managing the Response to Hazardous Material Incidents
DEFINITIONS
HAZARD CLASSES AND DIVISIONS
ANALYZING THE HAZARDOUS MATERIAL PROBLEM
PLANNING THE RESPONSE
IMPLEMENTING THE PLANNED RESPONSE
EVALUATING PROGRESS AND ADJUSTING ACCORDINGLY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13-9: Emergency Medical Services and the Fire Department
FIRE DEPARTMENT’S ROLE IN EMS
EMS-INVOLVED ORGANIZATIONS
EMS ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS
SYSTEM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION ORGANIZATIONS
SYSTEM DESIGN ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 14: Detection and Alarm
Chapter 14-1: Fire Alarm Systems
SELECTING THE SYSTEM
MAKING THE SYSTEM WORK
TYPES OF SIGNALS
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM BASICS
PROTECTED PREMISES SYSTEM
EMERGENCY VOICE/ALARM COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
CENTRAL STATION FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
PROPRIETARY SYSTEM
REMOTE STATION SYSTEM
AUXILIARY SYSTEM
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-2: Automatic Fire Detectors
HEAT DETECTORS
SMOKE DETECTORS
GAS-SENSING FIRE DETECTORS
MULTISENSOR AND MULTICRITERIA DETECTORS
RADIANT ENERGY–SENSING FIRE DETECTORS
VIDEO-BASED FLAME DETECTION
SELECTION OF DETECTORS
DETECTOR INSTALLATION
DETECTOR MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-3: Notification Appliances
OPERATING MODES FOR NOTIFICATION APPLIANCES
AUDIBLE SIGNALING
VISIBLE SIGNALING
COMBINATION AUDIBLE/VISIBLE UNITS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-4: Fire Alarm System Interconnections
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM WATERFLOW ALARMS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM SUPERVISION
OTHER AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
FIRE SAFETY FUNCTION INTERFACES
INTERCONNECTED FIRE ALARM CONTROL UNITS
INTERFACED EQUIPMENT
TESTING INTERFACED SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-5: Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Fire Alarm Systems
RELIABILITY
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
INSPECTION, TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SIGNALING SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
INSPECTION, TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING FOR SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
HOUSEHOLD FIRE WARNING EQUIPMENT
CRITICALITY OF INSPECTION, TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE SYSTEM
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-6: Household Fire-Warning Equipment
RESIDENTIAL FIRE DETECTOR RESEARCH
CODES AND STANDARDS
ELEMENTS OF RESIDENTIAL FIRE PROTECTION
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
DETECTION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
INSTALLATION PRACTICES
MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-7: Fire Protection Surveillance and Security Services
FIRE AND SECURITY SERVICES
MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY SERVICES
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
SECURITY PATROL TOUR SUPERVISION
SECURITY SERVICE FUNCTIONS
PATROL ROUTES AND ROUNDS
SECURITY OFFICERS
EVALUATING FIRE SECURITY SERVICE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-8: Gas and Vapor Detection Systems and Monitors
TERMINOLOGY
SENSORS
FIXED GAS DETECTION SYSTEMS
PORTABLE GAS MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-9: Carbon Monoxide Detection in Residential Occupancies
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SOURCES OF CARBON MONOXIDE
CARBON MONOXIDE HAZARDS
DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTION STANDARDS
INSTALLATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTION EQUIPMENT
CARBON MONOXIDE WARNING EQUIPMENT ALERT SIGNALS
CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTOR TECHNOLOGIES
RESPONSE TO CARBON MONOXIDE ALERTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 14-10: Security and Intrusion Detection Systems
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SECURITY
SECURITY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL SECURITY
CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SITE SURVEY
VAULTS AND SAFES
COMPONENTS AND ISSUES IN ELECTRONIC SECURITY
ELECTRONIC SECURITY AND INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEMS
ELECTRONIC SECURITY AND ACCESS CONTROL
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 15: Water Supplies for Fixed Fire Protection
Chapter 15-1: Fixed Water Storage Supplies for Fire Protection
STORAGE TANKS (GRAVITY AND SUCTION)
TANK AND TOWER FOUNDATIONS
TANK TOWERS
TANK HEATING EQUIPMENT
TANK EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES
EMBANKMENT-SUPPORTED COATED FABRIC SUCTION TANKS
PRESSURE TANKS
NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED SUCTION FACILITIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-2: Water Supply Requirements for Public Supply Systems
FACTORS AFFECTING PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY DESIGN
WATER REQUIREMENTS
CALCULATING FIRE FLOW RATES
OTHER FLOW CONSIDERATIONS
PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS FOR HIGHER ELEVATIONS
ADEQUACY AND RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER REQUIREMENTS
HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
NUMBER OF HOSE STREAMS
ENGINEERING: DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, HYDRANT SPACING, STORAGE
THE INSURANCE GRADING SCHEDULE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-3: Hydraulics for Fire Protection
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF WATER
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH ORIFICES
COEFFICIENTS OF FLOW
FLOW MEASUREMENT
FLOW OF WATER IN PIPES
WATER HAMMER
ELASTIC WAVE THEORY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-4: Water Supplies for Sprinkler Systems
TYPES OF SUPPLIES
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON WATER SUPPLY NEED
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS
WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR HOSE STREAM PROTECTION
HYDRAULICALLY DESIGNED SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-5: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Fire Sprinkler Systems
DEFINING CORROSION
THE CORROSION PROBLEM
DEFINING MIC
SOURCES OF MIC INFECTION
MIC CORROSION PROCESS
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-6: Water Distribution
CENTRIFUGAL FIRE PUMP
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT FIRE PUMP
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
CHARACTERISTIC PUMP CURVES
TOTAL HEAD
DISCHARGE SPECIFIC SPEED (Nd)
NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD
CAVITATION
PUMP AFFINITY LAWS
STANDARD HEAD DISCHARGE CURVES
HORIZONTAL-SHAFT CENTRIFUGAL FIRE PUMPS
FIRE PUMP CAPACITY AND HEAD RATING
HORSEPOWER OF FIRE PUMPS
FIRE PUMP DRIVERS
FIELD ACCEPTANCE TESTS
LOCATION AND HOUSING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
PUMP TESTS
PUMP OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
RECIPROCATING STEAM FIRE PUMPS
FIRE PUMP APPROVAL AND LISTING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15-7: Fire Pump Controllers and Power Supply Arrangements for Motor-Driven Fire Pumps
WORLDWIDE STANDARDS FOR FIRE PUMP CONTROLLERS
ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS FOR MOTOR-DRIVEN FIRE PUMPS
ELECTRIC DRIVE CONTROLLERS
LIMITED-SERVICE CONTROLLERS
FULL-SERVICE CONTROLLERS
VARIABLE SPEED ELECTRIC MOTOR–DRIVEN FIRE PUMPS
CONTROLLER PARAMETERS
STANDARD CONTROLLER COMPONENTS
STANDARD CONTROLLER FEATURES
NONMANDATORY CONTROLLER FEATURES
TRANSFER SWITCHES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 16: Water-Based Fire Suppression Equipment
Chapter 16-1: Principles of Automatic Sprinkler System Performance
THERMAL RESPONSE OF SPRINKLERS
WATER DISTRIBUTION AND SPRAY COOLING CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS
INTERACTION OF SPRINKLER DISTRIBUTION AND BURNING FUEL
FIRE CONTROL BY SPRINKLERS
FIRE SUPPRESSION BY SPRINKLERS
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-2: Automatic Sprinklers
SPRINKLER HISTORY
OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
TEMPERATURE RATINGS OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
STANDARD SPRAY SPRINKLERS
WATER DISCHARGE
SPRINKLERS FOR SPECIAL SERVICE CONDITIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-3: Automatic Sprinkler Systems
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
VALUE OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION
FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM INSTALLATIONS
STANDARDS FOR INSTALLING SPRINKLERS
SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND MATERIALS
INSTALLATION RULES FOR AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
PLANS, CALCULATIONS, AND SYSTEM ACCEPTANCE
MARINE APPLICATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-4: Hanging and Bracing of Water-Based Systems
HANGERS
HANGER INSTALLATION
EARTHQUAKE BRACING
JOINT RESTRAINT OF UNDERGROUND PIPING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-5: Sprinkler Systems for Storage Facilities
NFPA STORAGE STANDARDS
COMMODITY CLASSIFICATION
STORAGE ARRANGEMENT
STORAGE HEIGHT AND CLEARANCE
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION
WATER SUPPLY
SPECIAL COMMODITIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-6: Residential Sprinkler Systems
DEVELOPING A SPRINKLER SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO THE HOME FIRE PROBLEM
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER STANDARDS
NEW TECHNOLOGY IN RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLER EXPERIENCE
INCENTIVES FOR MORE WIDESPREAD USE OF RESIDENTIAL SPRINKLERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-7: Ultra-High-Speed Water Spray Systems
SYSTEM DEFINITION AND APPLICATION
REACTION TO FIRE EVENTS
GENERAL SYSTEM CONCERNS
DETECTION SYSTEM SELECTION
THE MUNITIONS MANUFACTURING PROCESS
SQUIB-ACTUATED SYSTEMS
PILOT-ACTUATED SYSTEMS
PORTABLE SYSTEMS
EXPLOSIVE SPHERE-HIGH-RATE-DISCHARGE (HRD) DEVICES
EXPLOSION SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS
EXPLOSION VENTING
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-8: Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems
APPLICATIONS OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS
SUMMARY OF WATER MIST SYSTEM FEATURES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS
METHODS OF GENERATING WATER MIST
DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR WATER MIST SYSTEMS
SYSTEM TYPES
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SYSTEM WATER SUPPLY AND ATOMIZING MEDIUM CONSIDERATIONS
SYSTEM MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-9: Water Spray Protection
USES FOR WATER SPRAY PROTECTION
SPRAY SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS
SPRAY SYSTEM NOZZLES AND PIPING
WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLIES
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-10: Standpipe and Hose Systems
STANDPIPE SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
STANDPIPE SYSTEM INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
COMMISSIONING OF STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
FIRE DEPARTMENT OPERATIONS USING STANDPIPE SYSTEMS
OUTSIDE HOSE SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16-11: Care and Maintenance of Water-Based Extinguishing Systems
SYSTEM MAINTENANCE BASICS
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM INSPECTIONS
GENERAL MAINTENANCE OF SPRINKLERS AND SPRINKLER PIPING
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF SPECIFIC COMPONENTS
OBSTRUCTIONS IN PIPING
OTHER SOURCES OF OBSTRUCTION
EXTENT OF CLEANING REQUIRED
CLEANING METHODS
SPRINKLER LEAKAGE
REDUCING WATER DAMAGE
WATER SPRAY SYSTEMS
WATER SUPPLIES
SYSTEM IMPAIRMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 17: Fire Suppression Systems and Portable Fire Extinguishers
Chapter 17-1: Carbon Dioxide and Application Systems
USAGE
PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE
LIMITATIONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AS AN EXTINGUISHING AGENT
METHODS OF APPLICATION
LIFE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
COMPONENTS OF CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS
CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
TESTING AND MAINTAINING CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-2: Chemical Extinguishing Agents and Application Systems
OVERVIEW OF DRY CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
USES AND LIMITATIONS OF DRY CHEMICAL SYSTEMS
WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING AGENTS
USES AND LIMITATIONS OF WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
INSPECTION, TESTING, AND MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES FOR CHEMICAL SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-3: Characteristics and Hazards of Water and Water Additives for Fire Suppression
INTRODUCTION TO WATER
PROPERTIES OF WATER
EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES
MANUAL APPLICATION RATES
OPACITY AND REFLECTIVITY
WATER AS AN EXTINGUISHING AGENT
WATER AND FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS—CLASS B FIRES
WATER AND LIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT—CLASS C FIRES
WATER AND COMBUSTIBLE METALS—CLASS D FIRES
USE OF WATER ON SPECIAL HAZARDS
WATER ADDITIVES FOR SPECIALIZED USES
CARE IN USE OF WATER AS AN EXTINGUISHING AGENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-4: Foam Extinguishing Agents and Systems
USES AND LIMITATIONS OF FIRE-FIGHTING FOAMS
TYPES OF FOAM
GUIDELINES FOR FIRE PROTECTION WITH FOAMS
FOAM-GENERATING METHODS
DELIVERING FOAM FROM VEHICLES
COMBINED AGENT OR "TWINNED" EQUIPME
MEDIUM- AND HIGH-EXPANSION FOAM-GENERATING EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEMS
FOAM EQUIPMENT TESTING AND SURVEILLANCE
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-5: Fire Extinguisher Use and Maintenance
MATCHING EXTINGUISHERS TO HAZARDS
AVAILABLE PERSONNEL—EASE OF USE
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
HEALTH AND OPERATIONAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
OPERATION AND USE
OBSOLETE EXTINGUISHERS
DISTRIBUTION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-6: Halon and Halon Replacement Agents and Systems
BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS
EXTINGUISHING MECHANISMS
FLAME SUPPRESSION EFFECTIVENESS
EXPLOSION INERTING
TOXICITY
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
APPLICATION SYSTEMS
USE CONSIDERATIONS FOR CLEAN AGENT SYSTEMS
CLEAN AGENT SYSTEM DESIGN
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-7: Application of Gaseous Agents to Special Hazards Fire Protection
FUNDAMENTALS OF SPECIAL HAZARDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIAL HAZARDS
TYPES OF GASEOUS AGENTS
CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS AGENTS
PERFORMANCE-BASED ANALYSIS IN AGENT SELECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 17-8: Explosion Prevention and Protection
EVENTS LEADING TO AN EXPLOSION
EXPLOSION HAZARD ANALYSIS
DEFLAGRATION PREVENTION
ENCLOSURE INTEGRITY AND STRENGTH
EXPLOSION PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 18: Confining Fires
Chapter 18-1: Confinement of Fire in Buildings
FIRE SEVERITY
FIRE LOADS
EFFECT OF VENTILATION
FIRE MODELING
FIRE SPREAD
PROTECTION OF OPENINGS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18-2: Interior Finish
INTERIOR FINISH AND TRIM CONCEPTS
FIRE TESTS FOR INTERIOR WALL AND CEILING FINISH MATERIALS
FIRE TESTS FOR INTERIOR FLOOR FINISH MATERIALS
TYPES OF INTERIOR FINISH
ROLE OF INTERIOR FINISH IN FIRES
METHODS OF APPLICATION
FULL-SCALE TESTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18-3: Smoke Movement in Buildings
DESCRIPTION OF SMOKE
SMOKE PRODUCTION
HAZARD OF SMOKE
PRINCIPLES OF SMOKE MOVEMENT
SMOKE MANAGEMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18-4: Venting Practices
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
INDUSTRIAL BUILDING VENTILATION
INSTALLED VENT AREA
ELEMENTS OF VENTING THEORY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ADDENDUM AUTOMATIC HEAT AND SMOKE VENTING IN SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS
ADDENDUM SUMMARY
ADDENDUM BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18-5: Penetration Sealing
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
THROUGH-PENETRATION FIRESTOP SYSTEMS
PERIMETER FIRE CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
JOINT SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 18-6: Deflagration (Explosion) Venting
FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFLAGRATIONS
FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFLAGRATION VENTING AND ENCLOSURE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 19: Structural Fire Protection
Chapter 19-1: Types of Building Construction
CONSTRUCTION CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TYPES
FIRE PROTECTION OF BUILDING ELEMENTS
WALLS
EXTERIOR WALLS
INTERIOR WALLS AND PARTITIONS
FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEMS
TRUSSES
FLOOR/CEILING ASSEMBLIES
ROOF FRAMING
ROOF COVERINGS
ROOF DECK INSULATIONS AND VAPOR BARRIERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 19-2: Structural Integrity During Fire
FIRE RESISTANCE TESTING
FIRE RESISTANCE TESTS OF STRUCTURAL ASSEMBLIES
ILLUSTRATIVE FIRE RESISTANCE RATINGS FOR STRUCTURAL FRAME AND BARRIER CONSTRUCTIONS
CALCULATING FIRE ENDURANCE
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
FIRE BEHAVIOR OF OTHER BUILDING MATERIALS
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 19-3: Structural Fire Safety in One- and Two-Family Dwellings
MODERN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE SAFETY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 19-4: Analyzing Structural Fire Damage
BUILDING TYPES
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
EVALUATING FIRE-DAMAGED STRUCTURES
EVALUATING DAMAGE TO SPECIFIC MATERIALS
FIRE DURING CONSTRUCTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 19-5: Approaches to Calculating Structural Fire Resistance
UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO FIRE
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO FIRE RESISTANCE
DETERMINING A DESIGN FIRE FOR A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS
APPLICATION OF SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO STEEL
APPLICATION OF SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO CONCRETE
APPLICATION OF SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE MEMBERS
APPLICATION OF SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO WOOD ELEMENTS
APPLICATION OF SINGLE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT ANALYSIS TO ALUMINUM
USE OF ADVANCED ANALYSIS IN GLOBAL STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO FIRE
SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 20: Protecting Occupancies
Chapter 20-1: Assessing Life Safety in Buildings
LIFE SAFETY CONCEPTS
LIFE SAFETY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
CHARACTERISTICS OF OCCUPANTS
LIFE SAFETY STRATEGIES
LIFE SAFETY ASSESSMENT TOOLS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-2: Board and Care Facilities
DEFINITION
CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW BOARD AND CARE FACILITIES
CLASSIFYING BOARD AND CARE FACILITIES
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
FIRE PROBLEMS
FIRE PROTECTION STRATEGIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-3: Hotels and University Housing
FIRE SAFETY IN HOTELS
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT IN HOTELS
FIRE SAFETY IN UNIVERSITY HOUSING
FIRE PREVENTION ISSUES IN UNIVERSITY HOUSING
FIRE DETECTION ISSUES IN UNIVERSITY HOUSING
FIRE CONTAINMENT AND SUPPRESSION ISSUES IN UNIVERSITY HOUSING
INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN UNIVERSITY HOUSING FIRE SAFETY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-4: Apartment Buildings
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
OCCUPANCY HAZARDS
LIFE SAFETY CONCEPTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-5: Lodging or Rooming Houses
OCCUPANT AND OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
FIRE SAFETY
MEANS OF ESCAPE
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-6: One- and Two-Family Dwellings
IMPORTANCE OF EVACUATION
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY HAZARDS
PREVENTION OF FIRE IGNITION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-7: Manufactured Housing
BACKGROUND ON MANUFACTURED HOUSING
MANUFACTURED HOUSING STANDARDS
HUD CODE REQUIREMENTS
NFPA REQUIREMENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-8: High-Rise Buildings
DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND
FIRE LOSS HISTORY
HIGH-RISE FIRE RISK
UNIQUE FEATURES OF A HIGH-RISE
CODE REQUIRED FEATURES
HIGH-RISE ISSUES TO CONSIDER
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-9: Assembly Occupancies
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
OCCUPANCY HAZARDS
LIFE SAFETY CONCEPTS FOR ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES
MAIN ENTRANCE/EXIT CRITERIA
LIFE SAFETY EVALUATION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-10: Mercantile Occupancies
MERCANTILE OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATIONS
OCCUPANT AND FIRE LOADS
MALL BUILDINGS
GENERAL LIFE SAFETY FACTORS APPLYING TO MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-11: Business Occupancies
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
POTENTIAL FIRE SCENARIOS
MEANS OF EGRESS
EXIT LIGHTING
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS
EXISTING BUILDINGS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-12: Educational Occupancies
FIRE PROBLEM IN EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES
OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
OCCUPANCY HAZARDS
LIFE SAFETY CONCEPTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-13: Day-Care Occupancies
OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
OCCUPANCY HAZARDS
LIFE SAFETY CONCEPTS
DAY-CARE HOMES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-14: Detention and Correctional Occupancies
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
THE FIRE PROBLEM IN DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO FIRE SAFETY IN DETENTION AND CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES
LOCKUPS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-15: Health Care Occupancies
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
IGNITION SOURCES
FIRE LOADS
FIRE SEVERITY
FIRE SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT
PROTECTION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS
OPERATING FEATURES
EMERGENCY PLANNING
FIRE SAFETY EVALUATION SYSTEM
AMBULATORY HEALTH CARE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-16: Storage Occupancies
NFPA STORAGE STANDARDS
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH OCCUPANCY
OPERATIONAL HAZARDS AND FIRE PREVENTION PRACTICES
LIFE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AFFECTING HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROTECTION
SUPPLEMENTAL FIRE PROTECTION
SPECIAL STORAGE FACILITIES
WAREHOUSE FIRE-FIGHTING OPERATIONS AND PRE-INCIDENT PLANNING
OUTDOOR STORAGE
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-17: Library and Museum Collections
CAUSES OF CULTURAL PROPERTY FIRES
FIRE PREVENTION PRINCIPLES
FIRE PROTECTION FOR LIBRARY AND MUSEUM COLLECTIONS
CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
FIRE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
DAMAGE LIMITATION
FIRE SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION AND NEW TECHNOLOGY
FIRE PROTECTION DECISIONS
HISTORIC BUILDINGS AND SITES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-18: Industrial Occupancies
LOSS HISTORY
HAZARD ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPANT CHARACTERISTICS
FIRE PROTECTION FEATURES
NFPA 101 AND NFPA 5000
PREFIRE PLANNING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-19: Motion Picture and Television Studios and Soundstages
OCCUPANCY CHARACTERISTICS
HISTORICAL FIRE EXPERIENCE
OCCUPANCY HAZARDS
LIFE SAFETY/EGRESS
FIRE PROTECTION
OPERATING FEATURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 20-20: Occupancies in Special Structures
ACCEPTABLE DESIGN
LIMITED-ACCESS AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
MALL BUILDINGS
OPEN PARKING STRUCTURES
SPECIAL AMUSEMENT STRUCTURES
PIERS AND WHARVES
WATER-SURROUNDED STRUCTURES
MEMBRANE STRUCTURES AND TENTS
GRANDSTANDS
TOWERS
OPEN STRUCTURES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 21: Transportation Fire Safety
Chapter 21-1: Passenger Vehicle Fires
FEDERAL REGULATION OF PASSENGER VEHICLE FIRE SAFETY
PASSENGER VEHICLE FIRE DATA ANALYSIS
PASSENGER VEHICLE FIRE RESEARCH
HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES
DESIGN AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-2: Fire Safety in Commercial Vehicles
NATURE OF VEHICLE FIRES
FEDERAL REGULATIONS AFFECTING MOTOR VEHICLE FIRE SAFETY
NFPA AND RELATED STANDARDS ON MOTOR VEHICLES
PREVENTING MOTOR VEHICLE FIRES
CARGO TANKS (TANK TRUCKS)
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-3: Automotive and Marine Service Station Operations
BASICS
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
FIRE SUPPRESSION
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MARINE REFUELING FACILITIES
SERVICE STATION MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-4: Vehicle Fueling Using Gaseous Fuels
INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS
IMPACT OF CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 ON ALTERNATIVE FUEL USE
PREVENTION OF UNINTENTIONAL RELEASES AND REQUIRED RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS
BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSIONS
HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS
APPLICABLE NFPA STANDARDS
VEHICLE FUELING STATIONS
VEHICLE COMPONENTS, DESIGN, AND OPERATION
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO ALTERNATIVE FUEL INCIDENTS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-5: Fuel Cell Vehicles
ADVANTAGES OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES
DESCRIPTION OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES
FUEL CELL SYSTEMS
ELECTRIC DRIVE SYSTEMS
COMPRESSED HYDROGEN STORAGE SYSTEMS
HYDROGEN SYSTEM SAFETY
POSTCRASH CONSIDERATIONS
FUEL CELL ORGANIZATIONS AND INITIATIVES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-6: Recreational Vehicles
OVERVIEW OF RECREATIONAL VEHICLES
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE DEVELOPMENT AND USE
DEVELOPMENT OF RECREATIONAL VEHICLE STANDARDS
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-7: Fixed Guideway Transit and Light Rail Systems
SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
UNDERGROUND TRAINWAYS
UNDERGROUND STATIONS
SURFACE-LEVEL AND ELEVATED TRANSIT SYSTEMS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-8: Rail Transportation Systems
OVERVIEW
RAILROAD OPERATIONS AND FACILITIES
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTED BY RAIL
SAFETY ON RAILROAD PROPERTY
PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION
MOTIVE POWER
FREIGHT CARS AND EQUIPMENT
RAIL TANK CARS
INTERMODAL TANK CONTAINERS
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-9: Aviation
AIRPORT SAFETY WORLDWIDE
AIRCRAFT FIRE SAFETY
AIRPORT FACILITIES
AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE AND SERVICING
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-10: Marine Vessels
PLEASURE AND SMALL COMMERCIAL BOATS
PLEASURE AND SMALL COMMERCIAL BOAT OPERATIONS
COMMERCIAL VESSELS
MARINE FIRE PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS
MARINE FIRE HAZARDS
FIRE PREVENTION ON SHIPS
STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
LIFE SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO SHIP FIRES
NFPA MARINE STANDARDS
OTHER ORGANIZATIONS CONTRIBUTING TO MARINE FIRE SAFETY
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 21-11: Road Tunnels and Bridges
ROAD TUNNELS
KEY ELEMENTS OF ROAD TUNNEL FIRE PROTECTION
IDENTIFICATION, VERIFICATION, AND LOCATION OF FIRES
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS
SMOKE MANAGEMENT
FIRE SUPPRESSION
EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING
EVACUATION AND RESCUE
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
TUNNEL FIRE TESTS
ROAD BRIDGES
SUMMARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index

✦ Subjects

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