Fiber Optic Technology: Applications to Commercial, Industry, Military, and Space Optical Systems

✍ Scribed by Asu Ram Jha

• Publisher: SciTech Publishing
• Year: 2005
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 280
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book offers comprehensive coverage of the optimum design of a wide range of FO systems. The author avoids complex mathematics and derivations, but he offers the equations necessary to eloquently describe FO components and systems. Readability is enhanced through excellent figures, diagrams and graphs. One of the more important features of Fiber Optic Technology is excellent coverage of a wide variety of applications including military and space, commercial and industrial systems, communications and telecommunications systems, medical and scientific applications, and industrial sensors.<br /&gt

✦ Table of Contents

Front Matter......Page 1
Preface......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 7
1.1 Materials for Various Elements of an Optical Fiber......Page 11
1.2 Material Requirements for the Core......Page 12
1.2.1 Mechanical Requirements for Core Materials......Page 13
1.2.2 Requirements for Cladding......Page 15
1.2.2.1 Refractive-Index Profiles......Page 16
1.4 Material Requirements for Buffer......Page 17
1.5 Material Requirements for Jacket......Page 19
1.6.1 Material Absorption Loss......Page 21
1.6.2.3 Stimulated Raman and Brillouin Scattering Phenomena......Page 22
1.6.4 Radiation Loss due to Radius of Curvature......Page 26
1.6.5.1 Impact of Cladding Effects on Normalized Power Carried by Core and Cladding......Page 27
1.7 Dispersion in Optical Fibers......Page 28
1.7.1 Material Dispersion......Page 29
1.7.2 Chromatic Dispersion......Page 31
1.7.4 Potential Dispersion-Compensation Schemes......Page 32
1.9 Summary......Page 33
1.10 References......Page 34
2. Expressions for Electric Field, Propagating Modes, Group Delay, and Coupling Coefficients......Page 35
2.1 Electromagnetic 䔀䴀 Fields and Propagating Modes......Page 36
2.2 Impact of Normalization Procedure......Page 39
2.3 Impact of Cutoff Conditions on Eigenvalue Equations......Page 40
2.4 Linearly Polarized Modes......Page 43
2.5 Physical Significance of Parameter theta_p......Page 44
2.7 Impact of Parameter delta on the Accuracy of Eigenvalues......Page 45
2.8 Number of Propagating Modes in Optical Fiber......Page 46
2.8.2 Coupling between Two Guided Modes......Page 48
2.9 Crosstalk between Optical Fibers......Page 49
2.10 Group Delay in Optical Fibers......Page 52
2.11 Group Delay Spread......Page 54
2.12.1 Modal Power Carried in the Core and Cladding Layers......Page 56
2.13 Fractional Power in Core, Cladding, and Jacket Layers......Page 58
2.13.1 Fractional Modal Power due to Lossy Jacket......Page 60
2.14 Summary......Page 61
2.15 References......Page 62
3.1 Optical Limiters......Page 63
3.2 Optical Filters......Page 64
3.2.3 Add-Drop Filters Using On-Chip Technology......Page 65
3.2.5.1 Applications of Tunable Filters in Commercial and Military Applications......Page 66
3.2.6 Linear Variable Filters 䰀嘀䘀猀......Page 67
3.3.2 Optical Couplers for Telecommunications Applications......Page 68
3.4 Optical Isolators and Circulators......Page 69
3.4.1 Optical Isolators......Page 70
3.4.2 Critical Performance Parameters of Circulators......Page 72
3.5 Optical Switches......Page 73
3.5.1 FO-Based Crossover or Cross-Matrix Optical Switches......Page 74
3.5.1.1 Various Optical Switches for Telecommunications System Applications......Page 75
3.5.2 State-of-the-Art 匀伀吀䄀 FO-Based Switches......Page 77
3.5.4 MEMS-Based Optical Switch......Page 78
3.5.5 Fiber-Laser-Based Q-Switch......Page 79
3.7 FO Bundle 䘀伀䈀......Page 80
3.8.1 FO Raman Probes for Spectrographic Applications......Page 81
3.9 FO-Based Optical-Power Combiners......Page 82
3.9.2 Brightness of the Combiner......Page 83
3.10 FO Tunable Dispersion Compensators......Page 84
3.11 FO-Based Light Scopes......Page 86
3.13 FO-Based Security Uniforms......Page 87
3.15 FO Lighting System......Page 88
3.17 FO Polarizers and Depolarizers......Page 89
3.19.2 Scrambler Types......Page 90
3.19.5 Potential Applications of Scramblers......Page 92
3.21 References......Page 93
4.1.1 Potential Delay Line Types and Design Parameters......Page 95
4.1.1.1 Digitally Programmable Optical Delay Line......Page 96
4.1.1.2 Description of Critical Components......Page 98
4.1.1.3 Performance Requirements for the Optical Coupler 伀䌀......Page 99
4.1.1.4 Requirements for Optical Switches......Page 100
4.1.2.2 Impact on Delay-Line Performance from Fiber Parameters......Page 102
4.1.2.5 Impact of Source Wavelength on Delay-Line Performance......Page 103
4.2.1 Description of All-Fiber Version of MI......Page 104
4.2.1.1 Description of a Multielement System Using Michelson Array......Page 105
4.3.1 TDC Configuration Using Two Quadratically-Chirped FBG Devices......Page 106
4.3.1.2 Impact of Temperature on Bragg Wavelength......Page 108
4.3.1.3 Insertion Loss, Reflectivity, and Group Delay in FBG Devices......Page 110
4.4 Optical Ring-Resonator Gyros 伀刀刀䜀猀......Page 111
4.4.1 Techniques to Reduce Kerr-Effect-Induced Bias Error......Page 113
4.4.2.1 Dynamic Dispersion Compensation System Using MEMS Technology......Page 114
4.5 All-Fiber, Q-Switched 䄀䘀儀匀 Laser......Page 115
4.5.1 Critical Design Aspects and Parameters......Page 116
4.6 Solid-State Beacon Laser Illuminator 匀匀䈀䰀䤀......Page 117
4.6.2 Impact of Atmospheric Parameters on Wavefront Errors......Page 118
4.7.1 Beat-Noise Elimination Techniques......Page 120
4.8 Infrared Countermeasures 䤀刀䌀䴀 Systems......Page 121
4.9 Three-Dimensional Laser Tracking ㌀ⴀ䐀䰀吀 Systems......Page 122
4.10.1 FO Links in Providing Optical Control in T/R Modules......Page 123
4.10.1.1 FO Link Configurations......Page 124
4.10.2.1 Beamforming in Microwave Domain......Page 125
4.10.2.2 Beamforming in Optical Domain......Page 126
4.10.3 Indirect Control of Phase Shifter and Amplifier Gain......Page 127
4.11 Summary......Page 128
4.12 References......Page 129
5.1 Optical Sensor Using Cryogenic and FO Technologies......Page 131
5.1.2 Performance Requirements for Helium Cryostat and Nitrogen-Storage Tank......Page 132
5.1.3 Sample Requirements and Test Procedures......Page 133
5.2.1 Design Aspects of the Switch......Page 134
5.2.1.1 Mathematical Expressions for Frequency Shift and Nonlinear Phase Shift......Page 135
5.2.3 Pump Power Requirements......Page 137
5.2.5 Performance Capabilities of the NL Pulse Switch......Page 138
5.3.1 Description and Operating Principle of LBUS......Page 140
5.4.1 Design Aspects......Page 141
5.5 FO Voltage Sensor 䘀伀嘀匀......Page 145
5.5.1 Critical Elements......Page 146
5.5.2 Performance Parameters......Page 148
5.6.1 Design Aspects and Performance Parameters......Page 149
5.6.4 Specific Electrical and Optical Parameters......Page 150
5.7.2 Conditions for Optical Excitation of SP......Page 151
5.7.3 Operational Aspects of the Sensor......Page 152
5.7.4 Experimental Procedure for Detection of Gas or Chemical Agent......Page 153
5.8.2 Critical Parameters Affecting the Sensor Performance......Page 154
5.8.3 Peak of the Reflected Intensity Profile under Twofold Rotation of the Facet......Page 155
5.9 FO Imaging Probes to Study Rock Structures......Page 156
5.10 FO Sensors for Site Monitoring......Page 157
5.10.1 Operational Aspects of the Monitoring Sensor......Page 158
5.10.2.2 Optoelectronic Part Description......Page 159
5.11 Summary......Page 161
5.12 References......Page 162
6. Fiber Optic-Based Communications and Telecommunications Systems......Page 164
6.1.1 Optical Control of T/R Modules in Phased Array Radars......Page 165
6.1.3 FO Link Configurations and Types......Page 166
6.1.4 Optical Beamforming......Page 168
6.1.4.2 Beamforming in Optical Domain......Page 169
6.2.2 Techniques to Increase Channel Capacity and Count......Page 170
6.2.4 Unique Capabilities of DWDM Systems......Page 172
6.2.4.2 Impact of Dispersion on DWDM System Performance......Page 173
6.2.6 DWDM System Performance Limitations from Various Sources......Page 174
6.2.7 Impact of Nonlinear Effects on Data Rate......Page 175
6.3 Performance Requirements for WDM Systems......Page 176
6.3.2 Optimization of Fiber Design Parameters......Page 177
6.3.3 Application of FBGs in WDM Systems......Page 178
6.3.4 Techniques to Boost Bandwidth of WDM Systems......Page 179
6.3.4.1 Optical-Amplifier Requirements to Boost Operating Bandwidth......Page 180
6.4 Capabilities of Metropolitan WDM Systems......Page 183
6.5 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Techniques......Page 185
6.5.1 High-Channel-Count Techniques and Applications......Page 186
6.5.2 Low-Channel-Count Applications......Page 187
6.5.4 Effects on Homowavelength Cross Talk......Page 188
6.5.5 Out-of-Band Cross Talk......Page 189
6.6.2 Laser-Source Requirements......Page 190
6.7 Optical Amplifiers for Communications Systems......Page 192
6.7.1 Critical Performance Parameters of EDFA......Page 193
6.7.2 EDFAs Operating in the L-Band......Page 195
6.7.3 Raman Amplifiers......Page 197
6.7.3.2 Pump Parameters Optimization......Page 198
6.7.3.3 Performance Capabilities and Limitations of Raman Amplifiers......Page 199
6.7.5 Multichannel Amplification......Page 200
6.7.6 High-Power EDFA Requirements......Page 204
6.7.7 Optimum Topology of Wideband EDFA for WDM Applications......Page 205
6.8 Summary......Page 206
6.9 References......Page 207
7. Fiber Optics for Medical and Scientific Applications......Page 208
7.1.2 Laser-Based DNA 䰀䈀䐀一䄀 Analysis......Page 209
7.1.4 Laser Excitation Requirements for DNA Analysis......Page 210
7.1.5 Optical Fiber Requirements for DNA Analysis......Page 211
7.2 Laser and FO Technologies for Dental Treatment......Page 212
7.2.1 Laser Requirements for Dental Applications......Page 213
7.2.2 Specialty Fibers for Medical and Dental Applications......Page 214
7.2.3 Optical Illuminators......Page 215
7.3 Spectroscopic Technology for Life-Science Research......Page 216
7.4 Near-IR Spectroscopic Technique for Epilepsy Treatment......Page 219
7.5.2 Potential Illumination Techniques for PDT Treatment......Page 220
7.5.3 Laser-Source Requirements for PDT Treatment......Page 221
7.6 Optical Tomography Using FO Technology for Medical Treatments......Page 222
7.6.1 Critical Performance Parameters of the OT Imaging System......Page 223
7.7 Endoscopic Sensor Using FO and Laser Technologies......Page 224
7.8 FO-Based Procedures for Treating Heart Diseases......Page 225
7.8.1 Deployment of Stent Technology for Clearing the Arteries......Page 226
7.9.1 Laser Requirements for Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases......Page 227
7.9.2 Short-Pulse Lasers for Various Medical Treatments......Page 228
7.11 Q-Switched Laser for Clearing a Cerebral Artery Obstruction......Page 229
7.12 Laser-Based Flow Cytometry......Page 230
7.13 Laser-Based Endoscopic Technology for Colon Imaging......Page 231
7.13.1 Design Aspects of Miniature Endoscopes......Page 232
7.14 Fiber-Based Delivery Systems for Medical Applications......Page 233
7.16 References......Page 235
8. Fiber Optic Sensors for Various Industrial Applications......Page 237
8.1.1.1 Operating Principle of the Sight-Glass Sensor......Page 238
8.1.2 Force-Type Liquid-Level Sensor......Page 239
8.1.3 Liquid-Level Sensor Using Pressure Transducer......Page 240
8.1.4 Liquid-Level Sensor Based on Surface-Reflectance Technique......Page 242
8.1.5 Liquid-Level Sensors Based on Refractive-Index Change......Page 243
8.2.1 Displacement Sensor Using Reflective Technology......Page 244
8.2.2 Displacement Sensor Using Microbending Concept......Page 247
8.3 FO-Based Flow Sensors......Page 248
8.3.3 Flow Sensors Using Vortex-Shedding Concept......Page 249
8.4 FO Techniques for Chemical Analysis......Page 251
8.4.1 FO Sensor Using Fluorescence Technique......Page 252
8.4.2 Potential Applications for Chemical Analysis......Page 253
8.5.1 FO Temperature Sensor Using Reflective Design Concept......Page 254
8.6.1 Pressure Sensors Using Transmission Approach......Page 256
8.6.2 FO Pressure Sensor Using MEMS Technology......Page 257
8.6.2.1 Design Requirements for MEMS-Based Pressure Sensor......Page 258
8.7 FO-Based Magnetic- and Electric-Field Sensors......Page 259
8.7.2 Electric-Field Sensors Using Intensity-Modulation Technique......Page 260
8.9 References......Page 262
A......Page 264
B......Page 265
C......Page 266
D......Page 267
E......Page 269
F......Page 270
J......Page 272
L......Page 273
M......Page 274
O......Page 275
P......Page 277
S......Page 278
V......Page 279
Z......Page 280