Fetal echocardiography in three and four dimensions
β Scribed by Jing Deng; John E. Gardener; Charles H. Rodeck; William R. Lees
- Publisher
- Elsevier Science
- Year
- 1996
- Tongue
- English
- Weight
- 757 KB
- Volume
- 22
- Category
- Article
- ISSN
- 0301-5629
No coin nor oath required. For personal study only.
β¦ Synopsis
A three-dimensional (3D) acquisition system using an electromagnetic position sensor attached to a standard transducer on an unmodified ultrasound scanner was developed to capture two-dimensional (2D) fetal echocardiograms at various positions and orientations. Operating in real-time directed M-mode allowed recording of 2D structural images and cardiac motion curves, from which the fetal cardiac phase could be determined. By digitising over 100 image frames for each scanning sequence, and by selecting frames at particular phases, 3D views of the fetal heart were reconstructed for each phase. Of 20 sequences of six fetuses scanned, 13 sequences successfully demonstrated usable 3D fetal heart structures, including four cardiac chambers, ventricular and atria1 septa, foramen ovale and some of the cardiac valves and great vessels. Rearrangement of those phased 3D images into a cyclic sequence could generate dynamic 3D views of a beating fetal heart. We believe that, with further technical development, this new approach will be of use in the diagnosis of prenatal cardiac malformations and malfunctions, in in utero cardiac surgery and in fetal cardiology teaching.
π SIMILAR VOLUMES
The mass distribution of invaded clusters in non-trapping invasion percolation between an injection site and an extraction site has been studied, in two, three, and four dimensions. This study is an extension of the recent study focused on two dimensions by AraΓΊjo et al. [A.D. AraΓΊjo, T.F. Vasconce
## Abstract We calculated the firstβorder perturbation expansion of the meanβsquare endβtoβend distance of polymers in three and four space dimensions. The segments of the chain were assumed to interact via a pair potential with a shortβrange repulsive and an additional attractive part. For a purel