Extreme Solar Particle Storms: The Hostile Sun

✍ Scribed by Ilya Usoskin, Fusa Miyake

• Publisher: IOP Publishing
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 276
• Series: AAS-IOP Astronomy
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Extreme Solar Particle Storms: The hostile Sun provides a consolidated review of our current understanding of extreme solar events, or black swans, that leave our technological society vulnerable. Written by experts at the forefront of the growing field of solar storms, this book will be of interest to students and researchers, as well as those curious about the threat that our Sun poses to the modern world.

✦ Table of Contents

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editor biographies
Fusa Miyake
Ilya G. Usoskin
Stepan V. Poluianov
Contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 What Can Be Learned from Modern Data?
2.1 Strength of Solar Flares
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Physical Model of Solar Flares
2.1.3 Magnetic Flux and Free Energy of Solar Active Regions
2.1.4 Relationship between Magnetic Energy and Flare Activity
2.1.5 Summary
2.2 Solar Particle Events
2.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays
2.2.2 Magnetospheric Shielding and Rigidity Cutoff
2.2.3 Solar Energetic Particles
2.2.4 Spaceborne Measurements
2.2.5 Ground-based Detection
2.2.6 Energy Spectrum of SEP Events
2.2.7 Statistic of the Known Events
2.3 Major Geomagnetic Storms
2.3.1 Space Hazards
2.3.2 Solar Sources
2.3.3 Favorable and Unfavorable Factors
2.3.4 Predictability
2.3.5 Climatology
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 State-of-the-art Theory and Modeling
3.1 Solar and Stellar Dynamos
3.1.1 Superflares and Dynamos
3.1.2 A Regime for Superflaring Stars
3.1.3 Superflares and Resonant Effects
3.1.4 More Options
3.2 Particle Acceleration at the Sun
3.2.1 A Brief History of Research on Solar Energetic Particles
3.2.2 The Case for Shock Acceleration of Protons in Large SEP Events
3.2.3 The Case for Flare-resident Acceleration of Protons in Large SEP Events
3.2.4 The Value of a Well-established Paradigm
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Cosmogenic Isotopes as Proxies for Solar Energetic Particles
4.1 What Can We Learn about SEPs in the Past?
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Earlier Views on Radionuclides and SEP Events
4.1.3 Redefining How Extreme SEP Events Can Be
4.1.4 Implications
4.2 Production of Cosmogenic Isotopes in the Atmosphere
4.2.1 Isotope Production Reactions
4.2.2 Production Function
4.2.3 Production of Cosmogenic Isotopes by γ-radiation
4.3 Isotope Transport
4.3.1 Atmospheric Air Advection Pathways
4.3.2 Atmospheric Diffusion/Mixing
4.3.3 Transport from the Stratosphere to the Lower Troposphere
4.3.4 Carbon Cycle
4.3.5 Gravitational Sedimentation
4.3.6 Dry and Wet Deposition
4.3.7 Isotope Distribution in the Atmosphere
4.3.8 Solar Influence on the Isotope Distribution
4.3.9 Isotope Response to Climate Change and Volcanic Eruptions
4.4 Isotope Archiving in Ice Cores
4.4.1 Archiving of 10Be
4.4.2 Archiving of 36Cl
4.5 Lunar Archives
4.5.1 Cosmogenic Radionuclides on the Moon
4.5.2 Near-surface Components of Cosmogenic and Radiogenic Nuclides
4.5.3 Lunar Archives Relevant for Solar and Galactic Cosmic-ray Records
4.5.4 Past Lunar Investigations into SEP and GCR Production
4.5.5 SEP Spectra from Lunar Samples
4.5.6 Other Data Sets
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Measurements of Radionuclides
5.1 Measurement Techniques
5.1.1 Measurement of Long-lived Radionuclides
5.1.2 Decay Counting
5.1.3 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
5.1.4 Latest Developments in AMS
5.2 Tree Rings
5.2.1 Archives for Reconstruction of Past Atmospheric 14C Concentrations
5.2.2 How Tree Rings Record Past Atmospheric 14C Concentrations
5.2.3 IntCal13 as Record for Past Atmospheric 14C Concentrations
5.2.4 Benefits of Annually Resolved 14C Records
5.2.5 Detection of SEP
5.3 Analysis of Cosmogenic Isotopes Recorded in Ice Cores
5.3.1 General Information for 10Be and 36Cl Extraction from Ice Cores
5.3.2 Sample Preparation for the Analysis of 10Be and 36Cl
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Characterization of the Measured Events
6.1 Observed SEP events: Knowns and Unknowns
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Proxy Data for Extreme SEP Events
6.1.3 Data on Events Detected Using Cosmogenic Isotopes
6.1.4 Summary and Future Applications
6.2 Reconstruction of Energy Spectra
6.2.1 The 36Cl/10Be Ratio
6.2.2 Application to Historical Events
6.3 Known Visual Auroral Observations
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Low-latitude Auroral Displays during the Carrington Event in 1859
6.3.3 Equatorward Boundary of Auroral Ovals and Storm Intensity
6.3.4 Reconstruction of the Equatorward Boundary of Auroral Ovals
6.3.5 Equatorward Boundaries of Auroral Ovals for the Carrington Event
6.3.6 Auroral Visibilities during Extreme Space Weather Events
6.3.7 Equatorward Boundaries of Outstanding Auroras
6.3.8 Is the Carrington Event Really Exceptional?
6.3.9 Conclusion
6.4 Event Statistics and the Worst-case Scenario
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 The Hierarchy of Extreme Solar Flares
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Further Search for Extreme Events
7.1 Terrestrial Cosmogenic Isotopes
7.1.1 Possible Rapid Changes in Cosmogenic Nuclide Data Other than by SEPs
7.1.2 Other Rapid Excursions in 14C
7.1.3 Further Search for Extreme Events
7.2 Historical Archival Records
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.2 Surveys and Approaches
7.2.3 Chronological Coverage
7.2.4 Historical Reconstructions of Space Weather and Space Climate
7.2.5 Historical Records of Auroral Candidates around 774/775 and 993/994
7.2.6 Conclusion
7.3 Sun-like Stars
7.3.1 Superflares on Solar-type Stars
7.3.2 Statistical Properties of Superflares on Solar-type Stars
7.3.3 Starspots on Solar-type Stars and Their Correlation with Flare Activity
7.3.4 Can Superflares Occur on Our Sun?
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Possible Impacts
8.1 Environmental Effects
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 NOx and HOx Production
8.1.3 Ozone Destruction
8.1.4 Dynamical and Climate Effects
8.1.5 Modeling Studies
8.1.6 Summary
8.2 Technological and Societal Effects
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Radiation Effects
8.2.3 Ionospheric Effects
8.2.4 Ground-induced Currents
8.2.5 Extreme Event Scenarios and Simultaneity of Effects
8.2.6 Societal Effects
8.2.7 Future Requirements
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Concluding Remarks
APP1.pdf
Chapter