Extraction Techniques in Analytical Sciences (Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTs) *)

✍ Scribed by John R. Dean

• Year: 2010
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 309
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book covers one of the most important areas in analytical sciences, i.e. that of extraction techniques for organic compounds in environmental and related matrices, e.g. food. This text discusses all of the key stages for analysing a sample for organic compounds from the initial sampling protocols through to the range of different extraction techniques used for solid, liquid and air samples and finally through to the final chromatographic analysis. The text provides detailed information on specific extraction techniques to prepare samples for organic compound analysis.The topics covered include the following:Initial steps for solid, aqueous and air sampling.Extraction techniques for aqueous samples, including LLE, purge and trap, SPE, SPME, SBSE, SDME, membrane microextraction and MEPS.Extraction techniques for solid samples, including Soxhlet, "Soxtec", shake-flask, sonication, PFE, MAE, SFE and MSPD.Extraction techniques for air sampling, including whole air, enrichment approaches and desorption techniques.Pre-concentration approaches for post-extraction.Practical aspects for chromatographic analysis (GC and HPLC) of organic compounds.Quality assurance aspects of analysis.Health and safety considerations.Key features include the following:Up-to-date information on the latest development in extraction techniques for organic compounds in environmental and food matrices.Written in the AnTS style, it is ideal for use as a self-study guide, as the basis of a taught course or guided reading for new "early-career" researchers.Includes a resources section to guide the reader to other sources of information.Extraction Techniques in Analytical Sciences should prove invaluable to students who are studying university-level courses – "undergraduate- to postgraduate-taught". The text will also prove invaluable as a key starting point for individuals undertaking applied research in the fields of analytical, bioanalytical, environmental and food sciences.The Analytical Techniques in the Sciences series of books provides coverage of all of the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and material sciences. Each text is presented in an open learning/distance learning style, in which the learning objectives are clearly identified. The reader's understanding of the material is constantly evaluated by the use of self-assessment and discussion questions. Series Editor: David J. Ando

✦ Table of Contents

Extraction Techniques in Analytical Sciences......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Series Preface......Page 15
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 21
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols......Page 23
About the Author......Page 27
1 Pre- and Post-Extraction Considerations......Page 29
1.3 Pre-Sampling Issues......Page 30
1.4 Sampling Strategies: Solid, Aqueous and Air Samples......Page 36
1.4.1 Practical Aspects of Sampling Soil and Sediment......Page 39
1.4.2 Practical Aspects of Sampling Water......Page 41
1.5 An Introduction to Practical Chromatographic Analysis......Page 43
1.5.1 Gas Chromatography......Page 46
1.5.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography......Page 50
1.5.3 Sample Pre-Concentration Methods......Page 57
1.6 Quality Assurance Aspects......Page 62
1.7 Health and Safety Considerations......Page 63
References......Page 64
AQUEOUS SAMPLES......Page 65
2.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction......Page 67
2.2.1 Theory of Liquid–Liquid Extraction......Page 68
2.2.2 Selection of Solvents......Page 69
2.2.3 Solvent Extraction......Page 70
2.2.4 Problems with the LLE Process......Page 72
2.3 Purge and Trap for Volatile Organics in Aqueous Samples......Page 73
References......Page 75
3.1 Introduction......Page 77
3.2 Types of SPE Media (Sorbent)......Page 78
3.2.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)......Page 79
3.3 SPE Formats and Apparatus......Page 81
3.4 Method of SPE Operation......Page 83
3.5 Solvent Selection......Page 86
3.6 Factors Affecting SPE......Page 87
3.7.1 Applications of Normal Phase SPE......Page 88
3.7.2 Applications of Reversed Phase SPE......Page 91
3.7.3 Applications of Ion Exchange SPE......Page 93
3.7.4 Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)......Page 95
3.8 Automation and On-Line SPE......Page 104
3.8.1 Application of Automated On-Line SPE......Page 106
References......Page 112
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2 Theoretical Considerations......Page 116
4.3 Experimental......Page 117
4.4.2 Headspace SPME: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Water......Page 120
4.4.3 Analysis of Compounds from Solid Matrices......Page 122
4.4.4 Other SPME–GC Applications......Page 129
4.5 Methods of Analysis: SPME–HPLC–MS......Page 133
4.5.1 Analysis of Abietic Acid and Dehydroabietic Acid in Food Samples......Page 134
4.5.2 Analysis of Fungicides in Water Samples......Page 135
4.6 Automation of SPME......Page 137
4.6.1 Applications of Automated SPME......Page 138
References......Page 142
5.1 Introduction......Page 145
5.3.1 Single-Drop Microextraction (SDME)......Page 146
5.4 Membrane Microextraction......Page 147
5.4.5 Membrane Enclosed-Sorptive Coating (MESCO) Device......Page 148
5.5 Microextraction in a Packed Syringe (MEPS)......Page 149
References......Page 151
SOLID SAMPLES......Page 153
6.1 Introduction......Page 155
6.2 Soxhlet Extraction......Page 156
6.3 Automated Soxhlet Extraction or ‘Soxtec’......Page 158
6.4 Other Approaches for Solid–Liquid Extraction......Page 160
References......Page 167
7.1 Introduction......Page 169
7.2 Theoretical Considerations Relating to the Extraction Process......Page 170
7.2.2 Disruption of Surface Equilibria......Page 172
7.3.1 Dionex System......Page 174
7.4 Method Development for PFE......Page 177
7.5.1 Parameter Optimization......Page 180
7.5.2 In situ Clean-Up or Selective PFE......Page 184
7.5.3 Shape-Selective, Fractionated PFE......Page 186
7.7 Miscellaneous......Page 188
References......Page 193
8.1 Introduction......Page 195
8.2 Instrumentation......Page 199
8.2.2 CEM Corporation......Page 201
8.3 Applications of MAE......Page 202
References......Page 211
9.1 Introduction......Page 213
9.2 Issues on the Comparison of MSPD and SPE......Page 215
9.3 A Review of Selected Applications......Page 216
References......Page 222
10.1 Introduction......Page 225
10.2 Instrumentation for SFE......Page 228
10.4 Selection of SFE Operating Parameters......Page 230
References......Page 235
GASEOUS SAMPLES......Page 237
11.1 Introduction......Page 239
References......Page 247
11.2.1 Whole Air Collection......Page 241
11.2.2 Enrichment into Solid Sorbents......Page 242
11.2.3 Desorption Techniques......Page 244
COMPARISON OF EXTRACTION METHODS......Page 249
12.1 Introduction......Page 251
12.2 Role of Certified Reference Materials......Page 253
12.3 Comparison of Extraction Techniques for (Semi)-Solid Samples......Page 255
12.3.1 A Comparison of Extraction Techniques for Solid Samples: a Case Study......Page 258
12.5 Comparison of Extraction Techniques for Air Sampling......Page 261
References......Page 268
RESOURCES......Page 269
13.1 Introduction......Page 271
13.2 Role of Worldwide Web......Page 272
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions......Page 277
Glossary of Terms......Page 289
SI Units and Physical Constants......Page 297
Periodic Table......Page 301
General Index......Page 303
Application Index......Page 307