Exploring the Atmosphere by Remote Sensing Techniques (Lecture Notes in Physics, 607)

✍ Scribed by Rodolfo Guzzi (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2003
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 262
• Edition: 2003
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Only satellite-based remote-sensing instruments generate the wealth of global data on the concentrations of atmospheric constituents that are necessary for long-term monitoring of the atmosphere. This set of courses and lectures sponsored by ICTP in Trieste focuses on remote sensing for atmospheric applications and inverse methods to assess atmospheric components, gases, aerosols and clouds. It addresses primarily graduate students and young researchers in the atmospheric sciences but will be useful for all those wishing to study various techniques for exploring the atmosphere by remote sensing. Contributions span topics such as on IGOS (Integrated Global Observing Strategy), electromagnetic scattering by non-spherical particles, forward-modelling requirements and the information content problem, Earth radiation, and aerosol monitoring by LIDAR.

✦ Table of Contents

Chapter 1
1 Introduction
2 The Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Network
3 The Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC)
4 UV Radiation Measurements Networks
5 Other Networks
6 Conclusions
7 List of Related Web Sites
References
Chapter 2
1 Introduction
2 Observation Methods
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Ground-Based Techniques
2.3 Space-Borne Measurements, IGOS and the Earth Science Enterprise
3 Atmospheric Changes: Variabilities and Trends
3.1 Natural Variabilities
3.2 Global Changes, of Natural and Anthropogenic Origin
4 The Ozone Depletion Issue
5 Climate Change
6 Coupling
7 International Regulations: The Montreal and Kyoto Protocols
7.1 The Montreal Protocol and Its Amendments
7.2 The Kyoto Protocol
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3
1 Introduction
2 Formulation of the Forward Problem
2.1 Generic Radiative Transfer Equation and Formal Solution
2.2 A Prototype Inverse Problem
3 Formulation of the 1-D Forward Problem Including Multiple Scattering and Surface Effects
3.1 Surface Reflection, Transmission, and Emission
3.2 Isolation of the Azimuthal Dependence
3.3 The DISORT Radiative Transfer Method
4 Accuracy and Computational Efficiency
4.1 Accuracy Requirements
4.2 Computational Efficiency
4.2.1 The LIDORT Forward Model
5 Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4
1 Introduction
2 Polarization Characteristics of Electromagnetic Radiation
3 Scattering, Absorption, and Emission by an Arbitrary Particle
4 Scattering, Absorption, and Emission by a Collection of Independently Scattering Particles
5 Isotropic and Symmetric Scattering Media
6 Scale Invariance Rule
7 Exact Theoretical Techniques
8 Approximations
9 Measurement Techniques
10 Effects of Nonsphericity on Scattering Patterns
11 Remote Sensing and Radiation Balance Applications
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5
1 The Information Capacity and Optimal Planning of Environment Measurements by Satellite
3 Input Optical Models of the “Atmosphere-Underlying Surface” System
2 The Information Content Levels Related to Radiative Transfer Problems
4 The Direct Problem Solution of Radiative Transfer Theory
5 The Inverse Problem Solution of Radiative Transfer Theory
6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6
1 The Radiative Transfer Equation
2 Remote Sensing of the Sea Surface Temperature
3 Temperature Profile Inversion
4 Remote Sensing of the Total Water Vapor Content
5 Microwave Remote Sensing
References
Chapter 7
1 General Formulation
1.1 Ill-Posedness and Regularization
1.2 Connection Between Measurements Accuracy and the Peculiarity of the Restored Function
1.3 The Distribution Function
1.3.1 The Basic Information: Initial and Central Moments
1.3.2 The Distribution Function for Atmospheric Aerosols
2 The Restricted and the Complete Problem
2.1 General Notes
2.2 The Determination of the Particle Concentration and Size from the Transmittance
3 Complete Problem Analytical Methods
3.1 Preliminary Comments
3.2 The Small-Angle Method (SAM)
3.2.1 The Initial Formula
3.2.2 The Analysis of Initial Formula
3.3 The Spectral Transmittance Method (STM)
3.3.1 The Initial Formula
3.3.2 The Analysis of Initial Formula
3.3.3 Use of Integral Characteristics of the Extinction Coefficient
3.4 The Total Phase Function Method (TPFM)
3.4.1 The Initial Formula
3.4.2 The Analysis of Initial Formula
4 Practical Application of the Analytical Inverse Methods. Conclusions and Remarks
4.1 Preliminary Notes
4.2 The Accuracy of SAM
4.3 The Accuracy of STM
4.4 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Components of a Lidar System
2.2 Atmospheric Scattering
2.3 The Lidar Equation
2.4 Solving the Lidar Equation
2.5 Some Useful Formulas About Cross Sections: Molecular Backscatter
2.6 Particles Backscatter
2.7 Backscatter and Depolarization Ratio
3 Determining the Aerosol Extinction/Backscatter Ratio (A Real Case)
3.1 The Extinction/Backscatter Relationship of Desert Dust and Marine Aerosols
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9
1 The Occultation Method
2 The ORA Experiment
3 The Vertical Inversion Algorithm
4 The Spectral Inversion Algorithm
5 Validation
6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References