Front-Matter_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Exploring Animal Behavior in Laboratory and Field
Copyright_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Copyright
Dedication_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Dedication
Contents_2010_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Contents
Contributors_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Contributors
Preface_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter-1---A-question-of-behaviors--how-to_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-i
1 -
A question of behaviors: how to design, test, and use an ethogram
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species and subject selection
Materials needed, including variations based on species selection
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
Assignment 1
Assignment 2
Assignment 3 (if assigned)
Paper instructions
Conclusions
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Chapter-2---Consistency-in-data-collection-_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-i
2 -
Consistency in data collection: creating operational definitions∗
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Step-by-step instructions
Step 1: preliminary observations
Questions for discussion
Step 2: creating an operational definition for locomotion
Step 3: creating an operational definition for contact
Step 4: creating an operational definition for feeding
Results/data analysis
Interobserver reliability
Discussion questions
References
Classroom management
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Modifications to this activity
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
In-class preparation
Step 1: preliminary observations
Step 2: creating an operational definition for locomotion
Step 3: creating an operational definition for contact
Step 4: creating an operational definition for feeding
Analytical approach
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key
Preliminary questions
End-of-activity questions
Chapter-3---Observation-and-inference-in-ob_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-i
3 -
Observation and inference in observing human and nonhuman behavior
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Part 1: Observing Human smiles
Procedure
Results/discussion
Analytical approach
Questions
Part 2. Observation and inference when observing nonhuman animals
Procedure
Results/discussion
Questions
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Modifications to the activity
In-class preparation
Analytical approach
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key (smiling)
Answer key (videos)
Chapter-4---A-matter-of-time--comparing_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-La
4 -
A matter of time: comparing observation methods
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Learning goals and objectives
Background
Purpose
Behavioral “rules”
Methods
Results and discussion
References
Classroom management
Teaching the activity (preclass preparation)
Teaching the activity (in-class preparation)
Crane video activity
Answers to crane activity questions
Tiger video activity
Answers to tiger activity questions
Answers to general questions for students
Chapter-5---Who-is-taking-whom-for-a-walk--An-_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavio
5 - Who is taking whom for a walk? An observational study of dog–human interactions
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Background
Purpose
Methods
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
Questions
References
Classroom management
Question answers
Chapter-6---Movement-analysis--expanding-the-_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior
6 -
Movement analysis: expanding the resolution of analysis in animal behavior
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background information
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Materials needed, including variations based on species selection
Step-by-step instructions
Learning exercise 1: the Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation sphere
Learning exercise 2: partnerwise orientation
Learning exercise 3: opposition
The Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation activity
Step 1. Create EWMN sheets
Step 2. Using the video A (aerial view) notate interanimal dynamics
Results/discussion
Connections with current literature
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Teaching movement analysis
Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise
Ideas for in-class or online discussion
Modifications to the activity
Video duration and quality
Options to lengthen or shorten learning activities
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Continuation/advanced Eshkol–Wachman Movement Notation
Learning exercise 4: types of movement
Learning exercise 5: notating movement of limb segments
Activity step 3. Notate movements over time during cricket combat
Activity step 4. Notate limb movements over time during cricket combat
Answer key
Chapter-7---The-evolution-of-behavior--a_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-L
7 -
The evolution of behavior: a phylogenetic approach
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Building and interpreting phylogenetic trees
Using phylogenies to reconstruct the evolution of behaviors
Purpose
Methods
Activity 1: Whole-class exercise
Defining character states
Mapping characters onto the tree
Results/discussion
Questions for in-class discussion
Activity 2: Small-group projects
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation and potential variations
In-class preparation
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Another potential modification to the activity
Answers to the questions for in-class discussion
Appendix: Using Mesquite
Creating and editing trees
Discrete character state reconstruction using parsimony
Chapter-8---Examining-variability-in-the-song-o_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavi
8 -
Examining variability in the song of the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Materials needed
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key
Chapter-9---Learning-to-be-winners-and-lose_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-i
9 -
Learning to be winners and losers: agonistic behavior in crayfish
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Materials needed
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
For further discussion
References
Classroom management
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Answer key for discussion questions
Optional extensions
Chapter-10---Love-is-blind--investigating-the_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior
10 -
Love is blind: investigating the perceptual world of a courting parasitoid
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background information
Purpose
Methods and materials
Species selection
Part 1. Observing interactions
Sex identification
Wasp wrangling techniques
Initial attraction, baseline activity, and latency
Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexual behaviors
Part 3. Determining courtship attraction cues
Prepare the choice chamber
Identify, test, and control possible variables
Standardize terminology and process
Test potential attraction cues
Part 4. Results and data analysis
Write your final report
Questions for discussion
Classroom management
Teaching the activity
Background
Obtaining and preparing materials
Animal care guidelines
Planning for sufficient experimental organisms
Process to use the initial culture(s) directly
Process to produce all-male cultures
Process to multiply and/or maintain ongoing mixed-sex Melittobia cultures
Process to make bioassay chambers
In-class preparation
Analytical approach
Possible extensions/continuations
Sample observational results
Part 1. Observing interactions
Part 2. Observing Melittobia sexual behaviors
Part 3. Determining courtship attraction cues
Sample numerical results
Answer key to “questions for discussion”
References
Chapter-11---Are-squirrels-and-ants-smart-shoppe_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behav
11 -
Are squirrels and ants smart shoppers? How foraging choices may meet current and future needs
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Option 1: Squirrels
Materials needed (for each team of six to eight students)
Step-by-step instructions
Designing your experiment
Preparing for your experiment
Setting up your experiment in the field
Conducting your observations
Finishing up
Results/discussion
Conclusions
Option 2: Ants (family: Formicidae)
Materials needed (for each team of two to four students)
Step-by-step instructions
Designing your experiment
Preparing for your experiment
Setting up your experiment in the field
Conducting your observations
Back in the classroom
Finishing up
Results/discussion
Conclusions
Questions for discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Squirrels
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise
Recommendations regarding selection of species and/or setting for exercise
In-class preparation
Analytical approach
Analytical approach
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Examples of experiments to isolate correlated independent variables
Examples of experiments to isolate correlated independent variables
Additional options
Additional options
Likely results and samples of results
Likely results and samples of results
Sample of results
Sample of results
Ants (family: Formicidae)
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Analytical approach
Analytical approach
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extension or continuations for more advanced classes
Recommendations for extension or continuations for more advanced classes
Sample of results
Sample of results
Answers to discussion questions (these apply to both the squirrel and the ant exercises)
Chapter-12---Predators-strike-and-pre_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Labo
12 -
Predators strike and prey counterstrike
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Materials
Procedure
Results/discussion
Questions
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Materials
Data analysis
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key
Chapter-13---The-circle-game--intergenerational-t_2021_Exploring-Animal-Beha
13 -
The circle game: intergenerational transmission and modification of solutions to a universal need
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
Discussion questions
Acknowledgement
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Samples of results
Discussion questions
Chapter-14---Demonstrating-strategies-for-_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in
14 -
Demonstrating strategies for solving the prisoner's dilemma
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Procedure 1 (iterated prisoner's dilemma)
Procedure 2 (prisoner's dilemma)
Results and discussion
Data analysis
Discussion questions
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Played outside class
Played in class
Teaching the activity
Data analysis
Answer key
Reference
Chapter-15---Using-empirical-games-to-t_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-La
15 -
Using empirical games to teach animal behavior
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Foraging
Reproduction
Challenge for possession of a breeding site
End of the bout
Results/discussion
Upping your game by applying lessons of behavioral ecology
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Rules of play
Duration of play
Analysis between bouts
Answer key
References
Chapter-16---Finding-food-is-fun--Locatio_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-
16 -
Finding food is fun! Location discrimination training
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
The four quadrants of operant conditioning
Purpose
Methods
Materials needed
Step-by-step instructions
Step 1. Pretraining
Step 2. Location discrimination training
Step 3. Stimulus generalization testing
Hypothesis, expected results, and interpretation
Results/discussion: go–no go as the dependent variable
Results/discussion: latency as the dependent variable
Conclusions
Discussion questions
References
Classroom management
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Materials
Species selection
In-class preparation
Analyzing data
Discrimination analysis
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key
Chapter-17---Using-natural-behavior-as_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Lab
17 -
Using natural behavior as a guide for welfare
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Materials needed
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
Analytical approach
Conclusions
Questions to guide students
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Modifications to the activity
In-class preparation
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Sample answers to the guiding questions
Chapter-18---Conservation-behavior--effect_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in
18 -
Conservation behavior: effects of light pollution on insects
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Introduction
Light pollution
Purpose
Methods
Study subject: Madagascar hissing cockroaches
Handling instructions
Distinguishing nymphs from adults
Sexing adults
Materials needed for this activity
Step-by-step instructions
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Obtaining cockroaches
Caring for cockroaches
Preparing cockroaches for the experiment
Disposing of cockroaches
Modifications
In-class preparation
References
Chapter-19---Animal-enrichment--creating-functional-a_2021_Exploring-Animal-
19 -
Animal enrichment: creating functional and stimulating enrichment for captive animals. Observing and assessing their use an ...
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Materials needed
Step-by-step instructions
Results/discussion
Analytical approach
How to calculate a two-tailed paired sample t-test in excel
Questions
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Answer key
Chapter-20---A-nonverbal-test-battery-for-ev_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-
20 -
A nonverbal test battery for evaluating physical and social cognition
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Learning objectives
Background
Purpose
Methods
Steps
Questions
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Preclass preparation
Materials and setup
In-class preparation
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Answer key for worksheet
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Station 4
Station 5
References
Chapter-21---Learning-from-the-primary-li_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-
21 -
Learning from the primary literature of animal behavior
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background information
Purpose
Methods
Making a methods flow diagram
Analysis and summary questions
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Scaffolding
Article selection
Materials needed, including variations
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
In-class activity
Modifications to the activity
Chapter-22---The-fine-print--process-and-pe_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-i
22 -
The fine print: process and permissions for behavioral research
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Option 1: observational study
Option 2: experimental study
Results/discussion
Reference
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Answer key
Chapter-23---Writing-science-for-the_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Labor
23 -
Writing science for the general public
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Prewriting
Coming up with a title
Ledes (leads)
Make the reader smile
Leave the reader hanging
Find common ground with the reader
Bullet lede
Narrative lede
Surprise or paradox lede
Body of the work
Kickers
Circle back to the beginning
Make it personal
Results/discussion
Peer review 1
Peer review 2 (optional)
Discussion questions during peer review
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
Modifications to the activity
In-class preparation
Recommendations for extensions or continuations for more advanced classes
Samples of results
Chapter-24---Effective-scientifi_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laborator
24 -
Effective scientific writing
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Basic principles of scientific writing
Concise writing
Reverse outlining
References
Preclass preparation
In-class preparation
Answer key
Chapter-25---Writing-and-reviewing-g_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Labor
25 -
Writing and reviewing grant proposals
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Learning goals, objectives, and key concepts
Background
Purpose
Methods
Species selection
Materials needed
Overview of activities and assignments
Choose a species and behavior
Journal assignments
Milestone assignments
In-class peer review assignments
Student research grant guidelines (final product guidelines)
Preparing the grant
Content guide
Results/discussion
References
Classroom management/blocks of analysis
Teaching the activity
First day lesson plan
Weekly lesson plan
Peer review practice lesson plan
Peer review assignment lesson plan
Areas of potential confusion or difficulty for students
Appendix-1---Tools-for-observational-_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Labo
Tools for observational data collection
Introduction
Reference
Appendix-2---Basic-statistics-for_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laborato
Basic statistics for behavior
Basic terminology
Descriptive versus inferential statistics
Measurement scales
Examples of each measurement scale
Overview of measurement scales
Frequency distributions and graphs
Frequency distributions in table format
Frequency distributions in table format
The problem with simple frequency distributions
The problem with simple frequency distributions
A solution to the problem: guidelines for grouping scores into categories
A solution to the problem: guidelines for grouping scores into categories
General guidelines to create categories
General guidelines to create categories
Raw scores for example problem
Raw scores for example problem
Example using raw scores
Example using raw scores
Graphing
Graphing
Graphing basics
Graphing basics
Types of frequency graphs
Types of frequency graphs
Graphing a discrete variable on the X-axis
Graphing a discrete variable on the X-axis
Graphing a continuous variable on the X-axis
Graphing a continuous variable on the X-axis
Measures of central tendency
The median: a useful measure of central tendency
The median: a useful measure of central tendency
Hypothesis testing
Critical level of probability
Statistics, or measurements of effect
Correlation
Correlation
Correlation coefficient
Correlation coefficient
The Spearman rank order correlation (called rho or rs)
The Spearman rank order correlation (called rho or rs)
Complete example
Complete example
Chi-square
Chi-square
Calculation of expected values
Calculation of expected values
Complete example
Complete example
Test of independence between two variables: contingency table analysis
Test of independence between two variables: contingency table analysis
Performing a contingency table analysis
Performing a contingency table analysis
Example
Example
Mann–Whitney U test
Mann–Whitney U test
Calculation steps
Calculation steps
Complete example 1
Complete example 1
Complete example 2
Complete example 2
Kruskal–Wallis Test
Kruskal–Wallis Test
Calculation steps
Calculation steps
Complete example
Complete example
Citation-formats-for-the-scie_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-a
Citation formats for the sciences
In-text citation guidelines
Citation-sequence system
Citation-sequence system
Name-year system
Name-year system
Citing sources at the end of the paper
Plagiarism
References
Attributions
Index_2021_Exploring-Animal-Behavior-in-Laboratory-and-Field
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Z