Experiments in Physical Chemistry

✍ Scribed by Carl Garland, Joseph Nibler, David Shoemaker

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
• Year: 2008
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 757
• Edition: 8°
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This best-selling comprehensive laboratory textbook includes experiments with background theoretical information, safety recommendations, and computer applications. Updated chapters are provided regarding the use of spreadsheets and other scientific software as well as regarding electronics and computer interfacing of experiments using Visual Basic and LabVIEW. Supplementary instructor information regarding necessary supplies, equipment, and procedures is provided in an integrated manner in the text.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Praise Page
Preface
I. INTRODUCTION
Organization of the Book
Preparation for an Experiment
Execution of an Experiment
Safety
Recording of Experimental Data
Literature Work
Reports
Sample Report
Special Projects
Ethics
II. TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
A. Calculations and Presentation of Data
Significant Figures
Precision of Calculations
Analytical Methods
Numerical Methods
Graphs and Graphical Methods
Exercises
B. Uncertainties in Data and Results
Errors
Rejection of Discordant Data
Statistical Treatment of Random Errors
Propagation of Errors
Case History of an Error Evaluation
Fundamental Limitations on Instrumental Precision
Summary
Exercises
III. USE OF COMPUTERS
Word Processors
Spreadsheets
Symbolic Mathematics Programs
Quantum Mechanical Programs
Interfacing with Experiments
Exercises
IV. GASES
1. Gas Thermometry
2. Joule–Thomson Effect
3. Heat-Capacity Ratios for Gases
V. TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GASES
Kinetic Theory of Transport Phenomena
4. Viscosity of Gases
5. Diffusion of Gases
VI. THERMOCHEMISTRY
Principles of Calorimetry
6. Heats of Combustion
7. Strain Energy of the Cyclopropane Ring
8. Heats of Ionic Reaction
VII. SOLUTIONS
9. Partial Molar Volume
10. Cryoscopic Determination of Molar Mass
11. Freezing-Point Depression of Strong and Weak Electrolytes
12. Chemical Equilibrium in Solution
VIII. PHASE BEHAVIOR
13. Vapor Pressure of a Pure Liquid
14. Binary Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagram
15. Ordering in Nematic Liquid Crystals
16. Liquid–Vapor Coexistence Curve and the Critical Point
IX. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
17. Conductance of Solutions
18. Temperature Dependence of emf
19. Activity Coefficients from Cell Measurements
X. CHEMICAL KINETICS
20. Method of Initial Rates: Iodine Clock
21. NMR Study of a Reversible Hydrolysis Reaction
22. Enzyme Kinetics: Inversion of Sucrose
23. Kinetics of the Decomposition of Benzenediazonium Ion
24. Gas-Phase Kinetics
XI. SURFACE PHENOMENA
25. Surface Tension of Solutions
26. Physical Adsorption of Gases
XII. MACROMOLECULES
27. Intrinsic Viscosity: Chain Linkage in Polyvinyl Alcohol
28. Helix–Coil Transition in Polypeptides
XIII. ELECTRIC, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
29. Dipole Moment of Polar Molecules in Solution
30. Dipole Moment of HCl Molecules in the Gas Phase
31. Magnetic Susceptibility
32. NMR Determination of Paramagnetic Susceptibility
33. Dynamic Light Scattering
XIV. SPECTROSCOPY
34. Absorption Spectrum of a Conjugated Dye
35. Raman Spectroscopy: Vibrational Spectrum of CCl 4
36. Stimulated Raman Spectra of Benzene
37. Vibrational–Rotational Spectra of HCl and DCl
38. Vibrational–Rotational Spectra of Acetylenes
39. Absorption and Emission Spectra of I 2
40. Fluorescence Lifetime and Quenching in I2 Vapor
41. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
42. NMR Determination of Keto–Enol Equilibrium Constants
43. NMR Study of Gas-Phase DCl–HBr Isotopic Exchange Reaction
44. Solid-State Lasers: Radiative Properties of Ruby Crystals
45. Spectroscopic Properties of CdSe Nanocrystals
XV. SOLIDS
46. Determination of Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffraction
47. Lattice Energy of Solid Argon
48. Statistical Thermodynamics of Iodine Sublimation
XVI. ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND MEASUREMENTS
Circuit Elements
Operational Amplifiers
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Digital Multimeters
Potentiometer Circuits
Wheatstone Bridge Circuits
XVII. TEMPERATURE
Temperature Scales
Triple-Point and Ice-Point Cell
Thermometers
Temperature Control
XVIII. VACUUM TECHNIQUES
Introduction
Pumps
Pressure Gauges
Safety Considerations
XIX. INSTRUMENTS
Balances
Barometers
Oscilloscopes
pH Meters
Polarimeters
Radiation Counters
Recording Devices and Printers
Refractometers
Signal-Averaging Devices
Spectroscopic Components
Spectroscopic Instruments
Timing Devices
XX. MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES
Volumetric Procedures
Purification Methods
Gas-Handling Procedures
Electrodes for Electrochemical Cells
Materials for Construction
Solders and Adhesives
Tubing Connections
Shopwork
XXI. LEAST-SQUARES FITTING PROCEDURES
Introduction
Foundations of Least Squares
Weights
Rejection of Discordant Data
Goodness of Fit
Comparison of Models
Uncertainties in the Parameters
Summary of Procedures
Sample Least-Squares Calculation
APPENDICES
A. Glossary of Symbols
B. International System of Units and Concentration Units
C. Safety
D. Literature Work
E. Research Journals
F. Numerical Methods of Analysis
G. Barometer Corrections
H. Ethical Conduct in Physical Chemistry
Index
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
Energy Conversion Table
Relative Atomic Masses of the Elements