Part 1. Introduction / Vitamin D Deficiency: Historical Perspectives / Kumaravel Rajakumar and Michael F. Holick -- Perspective: Evolution of Human Skin Color: How Low Levels of Vitamin D Drove Natural Selection / Scott T. Weiss -- Part 2. Vitamin D Mechanisms of Relevance to Lung Diseases / Vitamin D and Lung Development in Early Life / Virender K. Rehan and John S. Torday -- Vitamin D and the Innate Immune Response / Aria Vazirnia and Philip T. Liu -- Vitamin D and Regulatory T Cells / ZoeΜ Urry, Sarah Dimeloe and Catherine M. Hawrylowicz -- Dendritic Cell Modulation by the Vitamin D System / Luciano Adorini, Gilles Laverny and Giuseppe Penna -- Vitamin D Modulates Airway Smooth Muscle Function / Audreesh Banerjee and Reynold A. Panettieri Jr. -- Vitamin D: Genetics and Genomic Effects / Kelan G. Tantisira -- Part 3. Disease Associations / Acute Respiratory Infections / Jonathan M. Mansbach and Carlos A. Camargo Jr. -- The Role of Vitamin D in the Development, Exacerbation, and Severity of Asthma and Allergic Diseases / Augusto A. Litonjua -- Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / Wim Janssens, An Lehouck, Marc Decramer and Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez -- Cystic Fibrosis / Helen M. Buntain and Anne B. Chang -- Tuberculosis / Adrian R. Martineau -- Lung Cancer / David C. Christiani and C. Matthew Kinsey