EU External Relations Law: Shared Competences and Shared Values in Agreements Between the EU and Its Eastern Neighbourhood

✍ Scribed by Stefan Lorenzmeier (editor), Roman Petrov (editor), Christoph Vedder (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 287
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The book covers contributions from 18 authors from different countries and analyses the recent case law of the ECJ on the external competences of the European Union. It deals with the impact of EU values on its relations with the Eastern neighbouring countries. The first part focuses on the evolution and current challenges of the external actions of the European Union, while the second part presents the EU cooperation with its Eastern neighbourhood and Eurasia. The book addresses the Association Agreements with the countries of the Eastern Partnership with its Eastern neighbourhood and Eurasia, the enhanced Partnership Agreements in the Eastern neighbourhood and post-Soviet area, and the current and future contractual relations with Eurasian Economic Union and its member states.

✦ Table of Contents

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Contributors
Introduction: EU External Relations Law—Shared Competences and Shared Values in Agreements with the EU and Its Eastern Neighbourhood
1 New Horizons or Old Shores?
2 Evolution and Current Challenges of the Union’s External Action
3 The EU and Its Eastern Neighbourhood
4 The EU and the Eurasian Economic Union
5 New Shores?
6 Post Scriptum
Part I: Evolution and Current Challenges of the External Action of the Union: From Shared Competences to Shared Values and the Special Case of Switzerland
New Challenges for the Union’s Treaty-Making Powers and Common Values in Implementing Its Agreements
1 The General Legal Principle of the Union’s Treaty-Making Power
2 The Legally Stipulated Tasks, Competences and Restrictions of the Union’s Treaty-Making Policies
2.1 Tasks
2.2 Competences
2.3 Restrictions
3 The State of Competences in View of New Challenges of Association Agreements and Commercial Treaties
3.1 Present Tendencies
3.2 New Generation of Association Agreements
3.3 Comprehensive Commercial Agreements
3.4 Limits to a Future Agreement with the United Kingdom
4 The Role of Common Values and General Principles in Effective Implementation and Application of the Union’s External Agreements
4.1 The Content of Common Values or General Principles of EU Law in External Agreements
4.2 The Judicial Enforceability of Common Values and General Principles in the Effective Implementation and Application of EU External Agreements
4.3 The Political Implementation of the General Principles of EU External Agreements
4.4 Conclusion
References
Exclusive and Shared External Competences After the Singapore Opinion of the European Court of Justice: 2/15 Revisited
1 Introduction
2 The Opinion 2/15 of the European Court of Justice
2.1 EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement (EUSFTA)
2.2 Common Commercial Policy, Art. 207 TFEU
2.3 The Case Before the European Court of Justice
2.4 Flaws of the Court’s Reasoning
2.4.1 Mixed Agreements
2.4.2 Exclusive or Shared Implied Treaty-Making Powers
2.5 Separation of Agreements
2.5.1 Council Conclusions on the Negotiation and Conclusion of EU Trade Agreements
2.5.2 Practice of the EU Organs After 2/15
3 Political Issues in the Member States
4 Conclusion
References
From ERTA to Singapore
1 The State of External Relations Law at the Time of ERTA
1.1 Three Necessary Provisions on External Relations in the EEC Treaty
1.1.1 Art. 113 EECT on Common Commercial Policy
1.1.2 Art. 238 EECT on Association Agreements
1.1.3 Art. 228 EECT on the Treaty-Making Procedure
1.2 Early International Agreements Concluded by the EEC
1.2.1 Association Agreements
1.2.2 Free Trade Agreements
1.2.3 Mixed Agreements
1.2.4 The Hague Summit of 1969
1.3 The ERTA Judgment of 31 March 1971: ERTA Revisited
1.3.1 The Foundation of Implied Treaty-Making Powers by the Court
1.3.2 Exclusive Treaty-Making Powers
1.3.3 Substantial Scope of Implied Treaty-Making Powers
1.3.4 General Understanding of the ERTA Judgment
Dispute About Exclusive Treaty-Making Powers
Anticipatory Primacy of Union Law
1.3.5 The ERTA Doctrine
Existence of Implied Treaty-Making Powers
Exclusive Implied Treaty-Making Powers
Substantive Scope of Implied Treaty-Making Powers
Treaty-Making Powers by Authorization Through Secondary Legal Acts
2 The ERTA Doctrine Codified by the Lisbon Treaty
2.1 Sources of Implied Treaty-Making Powers, Article 216 Par. 1 TFEU
2.1.1 Implied Treaty-Making Powers by Internal Legislation
2.1.2 Delegated Implied Treaty-Making Powers
2.1.3 Implied Treaty-Making Powers by Necessity
2.2 Exclusive Implied Treaty-Making Powers, Article 3 Par. 2 TFEU
2.3 Shared Implied Treaty-Making Powers: Insufficient Codification
3 The Singapore Opinion of 2017: ERTA Overhauled and Sails Set for New Shores
3.1 Continued Case Law Approach
3.2 The Commission’s Struggle for EU-Only Agreements
3.3 A Big Step in the Evolution of the Union’s Treaty-Making Powers
3.3.1 Treaty-Making Power in the Field of the Common Commercial Policy
3.3.2 Exclusive Implied Treaty-Making Powers
3.3.3 Recognition of Shared Implied Treaty-Making Powers
3.3.4 Shared Treaty-Making Powers Pursuant to Article 216 Par. 1 TFEU
Shared Treaty-Making Powers by Necessity
Foundation of Implied Treaty-Making Powers by Necessity
General Shared Implied Treaty-Making Powers: Uncodified
4 Sailing Bound to New Shores
Reference
Mixed Agreements After ECJ Opinion 2/15 on the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
1 Triggers of Mixity
1.1 Historical Development
1.2 Status Quo
2 Mixity with Regard to Trade and Investment Protection Post Opinion 2/15
3 Persisting Complications
4 Conclusions
References
The Ratification Saga of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement: Some Lessons for the Practice of Mixed Agreements
1 Introduction
2 Political and Legal Background of the Referendum
3 The Issue of Provisional Application
4 A Creative Solution to the Conundrum
5 Concluding Remarks
References
The EU-Swiss Sectoral Approach Under Pressure: Not Least Because of Brexit
1 Introduction: The EU-Swiss Agreements
2 A First Pressure Point: The Institutional Framework of Certain Market Access Agreements
2.1 The Emergence of the “Institutional Issues”
2.2 Subjects of Negotiations and Swiss Concerns: The Examples of Supranational Supervision and Dispute Settlement
2.3 The Link with Brexit
2.4 Further Challenges in Switzerland: Financial Market Matters, Data Protection and Medical Devices
3 A Second Pressure Point: Migration
3.1 A Swiss Vote and Its Link with Brexit
3.2 Implementation of the Vote and Remaining Challenges
3.3 Migration and the Draft Institutional Agreement
3.4 Putting One’s Hope on Brexit?
4 Conclusion
References
Part II: EU Cooperation with its Eastern Neighbourhood: Shared Values v. Closer/Remote Integration
Challenges of the EU-Ukraine AA’s Effective Implementation into the Legal Order of Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Impact of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement on the Ukrainian Legal System
2.1 Objectives and Specific Features of the Association Agreement with Ukraine
2.1.1 Enhanced Conditionality in the Association Agreement with Ukraine
2.1.2 ‘Common Values’ Conditionality
2.1.3 ‘Market Access’ Conditionality
2.1.4 Protection of the EU Values in the Association Agreement with Ukraine via EU’s Sanctions Towards Third Countries
3 Constitutional Amendments Caused by the Implementation of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement
4 Application and Direct Effect of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in the Ukrainian Legal Order
5 Application of Decisions of the EU-Ukraine Common Institutions
6 Conclusion
References
National and Bilateral Normative Framework for Legislative Impact of the EU Law on the Georgian Legal System
1 Introduction
2 Normative Attitude Toward the EU Law
3 Commitments Undertaken on the Bilateral Level
3.1 Institutional Framework Under the EU-Georgia AA
3.2 Common Values Conditionality
3.3 Approximation Provisions in the EU-Georgia AA
3.3.1 Special Approximation Provisions
3.3.2 General Approximation Provisions for the DCFTA
3.3.3 General Approximation Provisions
4 Constitutional Context for Dynamic Approximation
5 Conclusion
References
Europeanization of Competition Law: Principles and Values of Fair Competition in Free Market Economy in the EU and Association Agreements with Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia
1 Introduction
2 The EU Principle of an Open Market Economy with Free Competition and ‘Europeanization’ of Competition Law
3 The EU-Georgia Association Agreement’s Competition Rules
4 The EU-Moldova Association Agreement’s Competition Chapter and Its National Enforcement
5 The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement’s Competition Chapter and Its National Implementation and Enforcement
6 Conclusions
References
The EU-Kazakhstan Enhanced Partnership: An Overview and Evaluation
1 Introduction
2 Principles, Aims, and Potential Legal Impact
3 Institutions
4 Political Dialogue
4.1 Cooperation on Peace and Security
4.2 Impact of EU Values
5 Trade and Investment
6 Energy and Transport
7 Conclusion
References
The EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement: A New Instrument of Promoting EU’s Values and the General Principles of EU Law
1 Introduction
2 CEPA: Objectives and Legal Basis
3 Institutional Framework and Decision-Making in the Institutions Established Under CEPA
4 The EU-Armenia CEPA in Armenian Domestic Legal Order
4.1 CEPA and the Constitution of Armenia: Hierarchy of Legal Norms and the Issue of Constitutional Values
4.2 CEPA and the Constitution of Armenia: Possible Conflicts
4.3 CEPA and EAEU Treaty
4.4 The Place of Decisions of CEPA’s Institutions in the Armenian Domestic Legal Order
5 The Tools of the EU Values Promotion: CEPA’s Essential Elements and Conditionality Mechanisms
6 Legislative Approximation and Regulatory Convergence Under CEPA
6.1 Mechanisms of Legislative Approximation and Achieving of Regulatory Convergence
6.2 The Role of Judiciary in the Processes of Legal Approximation
6.2.1 The Role of the Court of Justice of the European Union
6.2.2 The Role of Domestic Courts
6.3 Absorbing of General Principles of the EU Law by Armenian Legal Order
7 Conclusion
8 Epilogue
References
Part III: Current and Future Contractual Relations with Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States: Shared Values as a Pillar of Remote Integration
Pork, Peace and Principles: The Relations Between the EU and the Eurasian Economic Union
1 Introduction
2 The Background of EU’s Policy Towards Eurasian Integration
2.1 The CU and Russia’s WTO Accession
2.2 The CU and the New Basic Agreement (NBA) with Russia
2.3 The CU and the Eastern Partnership
3 The EAEU and the Aftermath of the Ukraine Crisis
4 The EAEU as a Unified Regional Actor
4.1 The Weakness of Common Institutions
4.2 Russia’s Dominance
4.3 Divergence of Member States’ Interests
5 The EAEU and Trade Liberalisation
6 The EAEU and the Question of Values
7 Conclusion
References
The EU and Russia: Old Legal Grounds for New “Selected Engagement” Relations
1 Introduction
2 A Positive “Legal Luggage” in the EU-Russia Relations
3 The ‘EU-Russia Shared Values’ Concept
4 Consequences of Approximation of the Russian Law with the EU Rules and Standard
5 Application of EU Law by the Russian Judiciary
6 Conclusions
References
The EU and Belarus. Current and Future Contractual Relations
1 Introduction
2 Legal Framework of EU-Belarus Relations
3 International Law in Belarus
4 The Issues of the World Trade Organization Law
5 Legal Aspects of Belarus-EU Relations in Light of Participation in the EAEU
6 The Issue of Values
7 Conclusion
References