Essentials of Qualitative Inquiry

✍ Scribed by Maria J. Mayan

• Publisher: Routledge
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 329
• Series: Qualitative Essentials
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The second edition of Maria J. Mayan’s Essentials of Qualitative Inquiry is written for newcomers interested in applied research, regardless of discipline. It provides what the reader needs to begin to explore, appreciate, and deeply understand our social world. The new edition maintains the straightforward, conversational style and passionate support for qualitative work of the first edition while addressing numerous changes in the field.

Mayan avoids paint-by-number formulas while helping novices learn many of the approaches, methodologies, and techniques used by experienced researchers. She helps readers confront the ambiguities and ethical issues in doing a field project and addresses some of the main debates in the field. After nearly three decades of teaching this subject herself, Mayan can anticipate and address the most common questions students will raise.

Features of the new edition include:

• More emphasis on theoretical orientations
• Added sections on arts-based research, mixed methods, systematic reviews, and participatory research
• A unique approach to conducting qualitative analysis
• Advice on self-care for the researcher
• Summary tables, appendices with useful tools and templates, and practical exercises at the end of each chapter make this the perfect vehicle to introduce students to the complex world of qualitative inquiry

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction to Qualitative Inquiry
Asking Qualitative Questions
What Is Qualitative Inquiry?
Key Concepts in Qualitative Inquiry
Social World(s)
Interpretive and Inductive
Subjective and Intersubjective
Multiple Truths
Relational
Social Constructivism and Social Constructionism
"Bias"
Empirical and Scientific
Generalizable
Political
Complexity of Human Experience
Quantitative Research in Relation to Qualitative Inquiry
Summary
What Comes Next?
Exercise 1.1 Finding the Story Behind the Numbers
References
2. Foundations of Qualitative Inquiry
Critique of Conventional Western Science: Epistemological Angst
Divisions in Qualitative Inquiry
Introduction to Research Paradigms
Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology
Ontology
Epistemology
Axiology
Research Paradigms and Ontology, Epistemology, and Axiology
Positivism/Postpostivism
Constructivist/Interpretivist
Transformative
Pragmatic
Indigenous Research Paradigm
Theory Muddle: Theoretical Orientation, Substantive Theory and Formal Theory, Concept and Construct
Theoretical Orientation
Substantive Theory and Formal Theory
Concept and Construct
Summary
Exercise 2.1 Thinking with a Theoretical Orientation
Note
References
3. Methodology
Methodology and Method
Choosing a Qualitative Methodology
Good Research Design: Methodological Coherence
Qualitative Methodologies
Traditional Ethnography
Exemplar
Focused Ethnography
Exemplar
Critical Ethnography
Exemplar
Feminist Ethnography
Exemplar
Institutional Ethnography
Exemplars
Autoethnography
Exemplars
Collaborative Autoethnography
Exemplar
Duoethnography
Exemplar
Collective Biography
Exemplar
Grounded Theory
Exemplar
Situational Analysis
Exemplar
Phenomenology
Exemplars
Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Exemplar
Narrative Research: Narrative Analysis and Narrative Inquiry
Exemplars
Discourse Analysis
Exemplars
Concept Analysis
Exemplar
Interpretive Description
Exemplars
Qualitative Description
Exemplars
Summary
Exercise 3.1 Bringing it All Together: Many Methodologies and the Methodological Coherence Guide
References
4. Arts-Based Research
Introducing Arts-Based Research
The Power and Potential of ABR
Arts-Based Research Methodologies
Poetry
Exemplars
Fiction
Exemplars
Drama/Theatre
Exemplar
Playbuilding
Exemplar
Dance
Exemplar
Digital Storytelling
Exemplar
Participatory Digital Archival Research
Exemplar
Sound/Music
Exemplar
Drawing, Painting, and Printmaking
Exemplar
Collage
Exemplar
Photo Interviewing/Photo Elicitation
Exemplar
Photovoice
Exemplar
Fotonovela
Exemplar
Quilting
Exemplar
Summary
Exercise 4.1 Considering Arts-Based Research
References
5. Other Approaches
"Metas" and Reviews
Narrative Literature Review
Exemplar
Scoping Review
Exemplar
Systematic Review
Exemplar
Meta-analysis
Exemplar
Qualitative Meta-Synthesis
Exemplar
Mixed Methods
Mixed Methods Designs
Exemplar
Participatory Approaches
Participatory Action Research and Community-Based Participatory Research
Exemplar
Participatory Community Mapping
Exemplar
Case Study
Exemplar
Secondary Data Analysis
Exemplar
Summary
Exercise 5.1 The Need for Community-Based Participatory Research and Mixed Methods
Malcolm King, Letter to the Editor: Summary
References
6. Research Questions, Sampling, and Saturation
Questions We Ask
Exploring Your Assumptions
Choosing the "Right" Question
Research Question, Sub-Questions, Purpose, and Objectives
Research Question and Sub-Questions
Purpose and Objectives
Sampling
Purposeful Sampling
Theoretical Sampling
Complete Sampling
Recruitment and Sampling
Saturation
Summary
Exercise 6.1 Settling on a Research Question
References
7. Data Collection
The "Collection" of Data?
One-on-One Interviews
One-on-One Interviewing Processes
Interviewing Critiques
Types of One-on-One Interviews
Focus Group Discussions
How to Conduct a Focus Group Discussion
Ethics in Focus Group Discussions
Dyadic Interviews
Participant Observation
Insider and Outsider
Covert Observation
Material Culture
Document Review
Online Data Collection
Online Data Collection Methods
Limitations of Online Data Collection
Data Collection Outcome: Transcription
Data Collection Outcome: Notes
Interview Notes
Fieldnotes
Methodological Notes
Descriptive Notes
Analytic Notes
Other Notes
Summary
Exercise 7.1 Insider-Outsider Dance
Exercise 7.2 Observation and Fieldnotes
References
8. Data Analysis
Describing Qualitative Data Analysis
Inquiry as Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive
Coding
Main Analytic Approaches
Qualitative Content Analysis
Theming
Constant Comparison
Reading or Thinking with Theory
Supporting Analytic Strategies
Memoing
Annotating
Theorizing
Peer Debriefing
Diagramming, Drawing, Recording, Emailing
Writing
Clearing Up Some Confusion
What Is the Difference Between Codes, Categories, and Themes?
What Is Concurrent Data Collection and Analysis?
What Is the Role of Context in Interpretation?
What Is the Difference between Analytical Thinking and Critical Thinking?
What Is a Negative Case?
What Is Focus Group Analysis?
Why Should I Not Use Theory Deductively?
Why Is The Use of Software Not Analysis?
I Have Never Done a Qualitative Study, What Methodology and Analytic Technique Should I Use?
Summary
Exercise 8.1 Thinking with Theory, Theming, and Categorizing
Exercise 8.2 Focus Group Analysis
References
9. Ethics: Protecting Participants, Protecting Self
What Are Ethics?
Origins of Research Ethics
Guiding Principles for the Ethical Conduct of Research
Types of Ethics
Procedural Ethics
Privacy
Confidentiality
Anonymity
Other Considerations
Relational and Situational Ethics
Researcher Safety: Looking after Yourself Physically, Emotionally, and Professionally
Physical Risk
Emotional Risk
Professional Risk
Summary
Exercise 9.1 Ethics without IRBs/REBs
References
10. Rigor
What Is Rigor?
Why Is Rigor Contentious?
Primary Critique of Rigor
Qualitative Criteria
Option One: Alternate Criteria of Credibility, Transferability, Dependability, and Confirmability
Option Two: Same Criteria of Validity, Generalizability, and Reliability
Option Three: Methodological-Specific Criteria
Option Four: "Big Tent" Criteria
Option Five: No Criteria
Summary
Strategies for Ensuring Rigor
Researcher-Directed Strategies
Researcher Responsiveness
Personal Journal
Reflexivity
Methodologically-Directed Strategies
Methodological Coherence
Prolonged Engagement
Adequate and Appropriate Sampling
Collecting and Analyzing Data Concurrently
Thinking Theoretically
Providing Detailed Thick Description of the Setting and Participants
Keeping an Audit Trail
Triangulation
Other-Directed Strategies
Participant or Member Checks
Peer Review or Peer Debriefing
Confirmability or External Audit
Summary
Exercise 10.1 Examining Criteria
References
11. Representation and Writing
Representation
What to Write
Including Your Self
How to Write
Summary
Exercise 11.1 Uncle Ben's Last Words
References
Appendix A. Document Analysis Template
Appendix B. Memos by Strauss (AS) and Corbin (JC)
Summary Memo AS/JC 10/29/81
Reciprocal Sustaining
Memo Some Properties and Dimensions of Sustaining AS/JC 11/3/81
Appendix C. Memoing and Diagramming
Appendix D. Peer Debrief as an Analytic Strategy
Orating the position
Challenging and critiquing
Brainstorming and generating
Telling of serendipitous stories
Conclusion
Appendix E. Focus Group Transcript
Appendix F. Interview Transcript
Appendix G. Information Letter and Consent Form Template
Information Letter and Consent form
Background
Purpose
Study Procedures
Benefits
Risk
Cost of Participation (if applicable)
Reimbursement or Remuneration (if applicable)
Voluntary Participation
Confidentiality and Anonymity
Contact Information
Consent Statement
Appendix H. Information Letter and Consent Form
Exploring Strategies for Livable Incomes
Interview Information Letter
Research Investigator:
Background and Purpose:
Procedures:
Benefits:
Risks:
Voluntary Participation:
Confidentiality:
Additional Information:
Interview Consent Form
Appendix I. Confidentiality Agreement
Appendix J. Ethics in participant observation studies
Appendix K. Qualitative Research Criteria
Index