Essential Oils: Sources, Production and Applications

✍ Scribed by Padalia R.C., Verma D.K., Arora C., Mahish P.K. (ed.)

• Publisher: Walter de Gruyter
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 300
• Series: De Gruyter STEM
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Essential oils are simply the volatile oils of plants. These are concentrated liquids contain many terpenes, alkaloids and alcohols etc. Various compounds of essential oils have bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral and anti-fungal etc. This book describes the sources of essential oils, extraction and production method, characterizing tools, bioactivity, and various applications in the field of industries, daily usage, agriculture, health, and food.
Presents the minimally explored biomolecules of nature.
Contains content from worldwide experts in the field.
Has up-to-date reference material, including websites of interest and information about the latest research.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Essential Oils: Sources, Production and Applications
Copyright
Contents
1. Introduction and general properties of essential oils
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Chemical composition
1.2.1 Biosynthesis
1.3 Essential oil extraction
1.3.1 Distillation method
1.3.2 Hydrodistillation
1.3.3 Cold pressing
1.3.4 Steam distillation
1.3.5 Solvent extraction
1.3.6 Enfleurage
1.3.7 Microwave-assisted essential oil extraction
1.3.8 Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)
1.4 Method for chemical analysis
1.5 Chemistry of essential oils
1.6 Application of essential oils
1.7.1 Antibacterial activity
1.7.2 Antioxidant activity
1.7 Biological activity of essential oils
1.7.3 Anti-inflammatory activity
1.7.4 Cancer chemoprotective activity
1.7.5 Cytotoxicity
1.8 A survey of oils and plants: allergies by essential oils
1.9 Side effects
References
2. Essential oils, applications, and different extraction methods
2.1 Essential oils
2.2 Composition of essential oils
2.3 Physical and chemical signatures of essential oils
2.4 Essential oil extraction
2.4.1 Distillation
2.4.2 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
2.4.3 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
2.4.4 Microwave accelerated distillation (MAD)
2.5 Current status of aromatic plants
2.6 Contribution of CSIR-CIMAP in India for aromatic plant cultivation
2.7 Conclusions
References
3. Sources and raw materials of essential oils
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Source of essential oils
3.1.2 Extraction of essential oil
3.2 Types of extraction methods [4]
3.3 Distillation
3.3.1 Water distillation
3.3.2 Water and steam distillation
3.3.3 Steam distillation
3.3.4 Solvent extraction
3.3.5 CO2 extraction
3.3.6 Maceration
3.3.7 Enfleurage
3.3.8 Cold enfleurage
3.3.9 Hot enfleurage
3.3.10 Cold-press extraction
3.4 Expression (cold-press distillation)
3.5 Essential oil recovery
3.5.1 Uses
3.5.2 Side effects
3.5.3 Essential oils and their benefits
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Chemical composition of essential oils – fatty acids
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Compounds of essential oils
4.2.1 Monoterpenes
4.2.2 Sesquiterpenes
4.2.3 Alcohols
4.2.4 Phenols
4.2.5 Aldehydes
4.2.6 Ketones
4.2.7 Esters
4.2.8 Oxides
4.2.9 Chemotypes
4.3 Arachidonic acid
4.4 α-Bisabolol
4.5.1 Chemistry
4.4.1 Chemistry
4.5 Eicosonal
4.6 Farnesol
4.7 Geraniol
4.7.1 Chemistry
4.8.1 Chemistry
4.8 Hentriacontane
4.9 Hexadecanal
4.10 Hexadecanoic acid
4.11 Linalool
4.11.1 Chemistry
4.12 Linoleic acid
4.12.1 Chemistry
4.13 Myrcene
4.13.1 Chemistry
4.14 Nerolidol
4.14.1 Chemistry
4.15 β-Ocimene
4.16 Ricinoleic acid
4.17 Zingiberene
4.17.1 Chemistry
References
5. Essential oils and their constituents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The chemistry of essential oils
5.2.1 Terpenes
5.3 Biosynthetic pathways of essential oil constituents
5.3.1 Mevalonate pathway
5.3.2 Methyl erythritol pathway
5.3.3 Shikimic acid pathway
5.4 The structure of organic compounds in essential oils
5.5 Classification of essential oil compositions
5.5.1 By biosynthesis pathway
5.5.1.1 Hydrocarbons
5.5.1.2 Terpenoids
5.5.1.2.1 Hemiterpenes
5.5.1.2.2 Monoterpenes
5.5.1.2.2.1 Iridoids
5.5.1.2.3 Sesquiterpenes
5.5.1.2.4 Diterpenes
5.5.1.3 Phenylpropenes
5.5.2 By functional groups
5.5.2.1 Hydrocarbon groups
5.5.2.1.1 Alkenes
5.5.2.2 Hydroxyl groups
5.5.2.2.1 Alcohols
5.5.2.2.2 Phenols
5.5.2.3 Groups containing carbonyl
5.5.2.3.1 Aldehydes
5.5.2.3.2 Esters
5.5.2.3.3 Carboxylic acids
5.5.2.3.4 Carboxylic esters
5.5.2.3.5 Lactones
5.5.2.4 Oxygen-bridged groups
5.5.2.4.1 Ethers
5.5.2.4.2 Peroxides
5.5.2.4.3 Furans
5.5.2.4.4 Furanocoumarins
5.5.2.5 Other heterocyclic compounds
5.5.2.6 Sulfur compounds
5.5.2.7 Nitrogen-containing compounds
5.5.2.8 Mineral compounds
5.6 Application of essential oils
5.7 Biological properties of essential oils
5.7.1 Antimicrobial properties
5.7.2 Antifungal properties
5.7.3 Antioxidant properties
5.7.4 Anticancer properties
5.7.5 Antimalarial properties
References
6. Extraction, production, and encapsulation of essential oils
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Biodiversity hotspots
6.2 Medicinal plant extract
6.3 Essential oils
6.3.1 Conventional or classical extraction methods
6.3.1.1 Hydrodistillation
6.3.1.2 Hydrodiffusion
6.3.1.3 Steam distillation
6.3.1.4 Solvent extraction
6.3.1.5 Cold-pressing or scariform method
6.3.1.6 Hydrolytic maceration distillation
6.3.1.7 Essential oil extraction with fat
6.3.2 Advance or innovative extraction methods
6.3.2.1 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
6.3.2.2 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE)
6.3.2.3 Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
6.3.2.4 Pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction
6.3.2.5 Enzyme-assisted extraction
6.4 Encapsulation of essential oils
6.4.1 Emulsification
6.4.2 Coacervation
6.4.3 Spray drying
6.4.4 Inclusion complexation
6.4.5 Ionic gelation
6.4.6 Liposomes
6.4.7 Lyophilization
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Bioactivity of essential oils – anticancer, anti-HIV, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and other activities
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Bioactive compounds
7.2 Bioactive components’ (including oils) extraction and analysis procedure
7.2.1 Hydrodistillation extraction
7.2.2 Solid-phase microextraction
7.2.3 Supercritical fluid extraction
7.2.4 Gas chromatography
7.2.5 Gas chromatography-olfactometry
7.3 Chemical constituents
7.4 Bioactivity of essential oils
7.4.1 Anticancer
7.4.2 Anti-HIV
7.4.3 Antiparasitic
7.4.4 Anti-inflammatory
7.4.5 Antimicrobial activities
7.4.6 Antioxidant activities
7.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
8. Application of essential oils in industries and daily usage
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Components of essential oil
8.2.1 Terpenes
8.2.2 Oxygenated compounds
8.3 Essential oils in pharmaceutical industry
8.3.1 Essential oils as antioxidants
8.3.2 Essential oils as skin penetration boosters
8.3.3 Essential oils as anti-inflammatory agents
8.3.4 EOs as antibacterial agents
8.4 Application of essential oils in food industry
8.5 Application of EOs in cosmetics
8.6 Essential oils in active and intelligent food packaging industries
8.7 Essential oils in textile industry
8.7.1 Aroma-finished textiles
8.7.2 Mosquito-repellent textiles
8.7.3 Antimicrobial textiles
8.7.4 Biomedical textiles
8.8 Conclusion
References
9. Application of essential oils in pharmaceutical industry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of essential oils
9.3 Extraction of essential oils
9.3.1 Distillation
9.3.2 Solvent extraction
9.3.3 Cold-press method
9.3.4 Enfleurage
9.3.5 Innovative approach
9.3.5.1 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
9.4 Essential oils in the pharmaceutical industry
9.5 Uses of essential oils in pharmaceutics
9.6 Some essential oils and therapeutic applications
References
10. Application of essential oils in agriculture and veterinary
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Applications of essential oils in agriculture
10.1.1.1 Essential oils as herbicides
10.1.1.2 Essential oils as antipathogenic on different plant pathogens
10.1.1.3 Essential oils as green pesticides
10.1.1.4 Essential oils as food additives for honey bees
10.1.2 Applications of essential oils in veterinary
10.1.2.1 Essential oils as animal nutrition additives
10.1.2.2 Essential oils as anti-pathogenic in veterinary medicine
10.1.2.3 Essential oils against ectoparasites in veterinary medicine
References
11. Application of essential oils in alternative medicine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Extraction and production of essential oil
11.3 Classification of essential oils
11.4 Essential oil constituents
11.4.1 Terpenoids
11.4.2 Esters
11.5 Essential oils used as alternative medicine
11.5.1 Mechanism of essential oil absorption
11.5.1.1 The skin
11.5.1.2 Consumption
11.5.1.3 Inhaled/breathing
11.6 Other applications
11.6.1 Essential oil in food sector
11.6.2 Role of essential oil in food safety and conservation
11.7 Conclusion and future prospect
References
12. Toxicity of essential oils
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Essential oils’ toxicities
12.3 Toxicological assessment of essential oils used as food supplemen
12.4 Acute intoxication
12.5 Dermatological toxicity
12.6 Skin irritation
12.7 Skin sensitization
12.8 Phototoxicity
12.9 Other physiological toxicities
References
13. Essential oil screening and bioactive potential of some selected trees from temperate zone of Kumaun Himalaya Uttarakhand
Abstarct
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Geographical distribution
13.3 Plant morphology
13.4 Phytochemistry
13.5 Ethnobotanical uses
13.6 Biological activities
13.7 Conclusion
References
Index