Epidemiology

✍ Scribed by Leon Gordis

• Publisher: Saunders
• Year: 2009
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 393
• Edition: 4
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front cover
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Preface
Acknowledgments
Table of contents
Section I: THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO DISEASE AND INTERVENTION
Chapter 1: Introduction
WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY?
THE OBJECTIVES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
CHANGING PATTERNS OF COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL PRACTICE
THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH
FROM OBSERVATIONS TO PREVENTIVE ACTIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
CLINICAL AND SUBCLINICAL DISEASE
CARRIER STATUS
ENDEMIC, EPIDEMIC, AND PANDEMIC
DISEASE OUTBREAKS
DETERMINANTS OF DISEASE OUTBREAKS
HERD IMMUNITY
INCUBATION PERIOD
ATTACK RATE
EXPLORING THE OCCURRENCE OF DISEASE
OUTBREAK INVESTIGATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 2
Chapter 3: Measuring the Occurrence of Disease: I. Morbidity
MEASURES OF MORBIDITY
SURVEILLANCE
QUALITY OF LIFE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 3
Chapter 4: Measuring the Occurrence of Disease: II. Mortality
MEASURES OF MORTALITY
COMPARING MORTALITY IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 4
Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests
BIOLOGIC VARIATION OF HUMAN POPULATIONS
VALIDITY OF SCREENING TESTS
USE OF MULTIPLE TESTS
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF A TEST
RELIABILITY (REPEATABILITY) OF TESTS
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 5
Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis
CASE-FATALITY RATE
PERSON-YEARS
FIVE-YEAR SURVIVAL RATE
OBSERVED SURVIVAL
THE KAPLAN-MEIER METHOD
ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN USING LIFE TABLES
APPARENT EFFECTS ON PROGNOSIS OF IMPROVEMENTS IN DIAGNOSIS
MEDIAN SURVIVAL TIME
RELATIVE SURVIVAL RATE
GENERALIZABILITY OF SURVIVAL DATA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6
Chapter 7: Assessing the Efficacy of Preventive and Therapeutic Measures: Randomized Trials
SELECTION OF SUBJECTS
ALLOCATION OF SUBJECTS TO TREATMENT GROUPS
DATA COLLECTION ON SUBJECTS
CROSSOVER
FACTORIAL DESIGN
NONCOMPLIANCE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 8: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues
SAMPLE SIZE
WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE RESULTS OF RANDOMIZED TRIALS
GENERALIZABILITY OF RESULTS
THREE MAJOR U.S. RANDOMIZED TRIALS
PHASES IN TESTING OF NEW DRUGS IN THE UNITED STATES
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
RANDOMIZED TRIALS FOR EVALUATING WIDELY ACCEPTED INTERVENTIONS
REGISTRATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS
CONCLUSION
EPILOGUE
REFERENCES
MONOGRAPHS ON RANDOMIZED TRIALS
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTERS 7 AND 8
Section II: USING EPIDEMIOLOGY TO IDENTIFY THE CAUSE OF DISEASE
Chapter 9: Cohort Studies
DESIGN OF A COHORT STUDY
COMPARING COHORT STUDIES WITH RANDOMIZED TRIALS
SELECTION OF STUDY POPULATIONS
TYPES OF COHORT STUDIES
EXAMPLES OF COHORT STUDIES
COHORT STUDIES FOR INVESTIGATING CHILDHOOD HEALTH AND DISEASE
POTENTIAL BIASES IN COHORT STUDIES
WHEN IS A COHORT STUDY WARRANTED?
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9
Chapter 10: Case-Control Studies and Other Study Designs
DESIGN OF A CASE-CONTROL STUDY
SELECTION OF CASES AND CONTROLS
PROBLEMS IN CONTROL SELECTION
MATCHING
PROBLEMS OF RECALL
USE OF MULTIPLE CONTROLS
WHEN IS A CASE-CONTROL STUDY WARRANTED?
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES BASED IN A DEFINED COHORT
OTHER STUDY DESIGNS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 10
Chapter 11: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association?
ABSOLUTE RISK
HOW DO WE DETERMINE WHETHER A CERTAIN DISEASE IS ASSOCIATED WITH A CERTAIN EXPOSURE?
RELATIVE RISK
THE ODDS RATIO (RELATIVE ODDS)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 11
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 11
Chapter 12: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention
ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
COMPARISON OF RELATIVE RISK AND ATTRIBUTABLE RISK
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 12
Chapter 13: A Pause for Review: Comparing Cohort and Case-Control Studies
Chapter 14: From Association to Causation: Deriving Inferences from Epidemiologic Studies
APPROACHES FOR STUDYING DISEASE ETIOLOGY
TYPES OF ASSOCIATIONS
TYPES OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS
EVIDENCE FOR A CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING WHETHER AN ASSOCIATION IS CAUSAL
DERIVING CAUSAL INFERENCES: TWO EXAMPLES
MODIFICATIONS OF THE GUIDELINES FOR CAUSAL INFERENCES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 14
Chapter 15: More on Causal Inferences: Bias, Confounding, and Interaction
BIAS
CONFOUNDING
INTERACTION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 15
Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Disease Causation
ASSOCIATION WITH KNOWN GENETIC DISEASES
USE OF GENETIC MARKERS
AGE AT ONSET
FAMILY STUDIES
TIME TRENDS IN DISEASE INCIDENCE
INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
INTERACTION OF GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 16
Section III: APPLYING EPIDEMIOLOGY TO EVALUATION AND POLICY
Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services
STUDIES OF PROCESS AND OUTCOME
EFFICACY, EFFECTIVENESS, AND EFFICIENCY
MEASURES OF OUTCOME
COMPARING EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES OF DISEASE ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH EVALUATING EFFECTIVENESS OF HEALTH SERVICES
EVALUATION USING GROUP DATA
EVALUATION USING INDIVIDUAL DATA
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 17
Chapter 18: The Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE
THE PATTERN OF DISEASE PROGRESSION
METHODOLOGIC ISSUES
STUDY DESIGNS FOR EVALUATION OF SCREENING
PROBLEMS IN ASSESSING THE SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY OF TESTS
INTERPRETING STUDY RESULTS THAT SHOW NO BENEFIT OF SCREENING
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF SCREENING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 18
Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PREVENTION
POPULATION VERSUS HIGH-RISK APPROACHES TO PREVENTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE: HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
RISK ASSESSMENT
META-ANALYSIS
PUBLICATION BIAS
EPIDEMIOLOGY IN THE COURTS
SOURCES AND IMPACT OF UNCERTAINTY
POLICY ISSUES REGARDING RISK: WHAT SHOULD THE OBJECTIVES BE?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology
ETHICAL ISSUES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORS’ OBLIGATIONS TO STUDY SUBJECTS
PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
ACCESS TO DATA
RACE AND ETHNICITY IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
INTERPRETING FINDINGS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Index