Environmental Security and Public Safety (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)

✍ Scribed by Wolfgang Spyra

• Year: 2007
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 210
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Although the end of the Cold War has paved the way to a substantial demilitarisation and conversion, the leftovers of this process such as former military installations, military training areas, and huge quantities of unserviceable ammunition and equipment still pose a severe threat to the environment of both NATO and Partner countries. The rehabilitation of these areas for civilian uses is extremely costly and is generally in the short and medium term not possible. For this reason, the development of new methods for the estimation avoidance of risks should receive special priority. In the context of this ARW, the reconnaissance and appraisal of conversion areas with respect to costs, returns, and legal considerations were discussed. The decades-long use of some areas led to the heavy loading of contaminates. Every task of conversion has as its goal the elimination of dangers to humans and nature, and the return of areas to civil use, such that these areas can be used realise economic interests of the society. The conversion of former military areas represents one of the greatest challenges of the 21st Century, and demands considerable expenditures on the part of society if it is to be properly addressed. Further discussion of these issues and the recognition of the need for further research are important steps towards the return of former military areas to civilian usage.

✦ Table of Contents

CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 11
List of contributors......Page 14
1. Introduction......Page 16
2. Initial Position......Page 17
3. Results of the Security Analysis......Page 19
6. Results......Page 20
7. Conclusion......Page 23
1. Interesting Facts About Estonia......Page 24
2. Overview: Estonian Defence Forces and Defence Policy......Page 25
3. The Ministry of Defence and Defence Forces' Environmental Aspects......Page 27
4. Historical Background......Page 29
5. Principle Environmental Protection Tasks of the Defence Forces and Ministry of Defence......Page 30
6. Two Case Studies......Page 31
8. Current Situation and Implementation of Plans......Page 34
9. Regional Cooperation: The Riga Initiative......Page 36
10. Environmental Training in the Armed Forces......Page 37
11. Summary......Page 40
1. Introduction......Page 42
3. The Double-Impact Question......Page 43
4. Lessons Learned: Finnish Base Closing Case Studies......Page 45
5. The Swedish Explosive Disposal Initiative......Page 48
6. Profiting from Transnational Experience—Finland in CONVERNET, a Conversion Network for the Baltic Sea Region......Page 50
1. Introduction......Page 51
2. The Bulgarian Perspective as a new NATO Member......Page 52
3. Transition and Modernisation of the Bulgarian Defence Forces......Page 53
4. Long-term Vision for Development of the Armed Forces–2015......Page 55
5. Conversion of Military Bases in Bulgaria......Page 59
7. Phoenix Operation of the BAF......Page 60
8. Conclusions......Page 62
1. Introduction: Responsibilities on Sites with Hazards......Page 64
2. Hazards of Unexploded Ordnance......Page 66
3. Hazard Situation on Airfields......Page 68
4. Conclusions......Page 70
1. Introduction......Page 72
2. Case Study......Page 73
4. Data Sources and Tools......Page 74
5. Data Preparation......Page 75
6. Classification of UXO Contamination......Page 77
7. Assessment of Individual Land Use Structures with Respect to their Effect on Local UXO Contamination......Page 78
8. Assessment of the Dynamics of Individual Land-use Structures with Respect to their Effect on Local UXO Contamination......Page 80
9. Development of an Algorithm for Multi-temporal Analysis and Assessment of UXO Contamination......Page 81
10. Conclusions......Page 82
1. Introduction......Page 84
2. Size and Hazard......Page 85
3. Approaches to Disposal......Page 87
5. Risk Assessment of CW Disposal......Page 89
6. New Projects......Page 91
7. Conclusions......Page 92
Application of Cost-Effective Technologies in the Process of Clean-up and Conversion of Former Military Base in Borne Sulinowo......Page 94
1. Introduction......Page 95
3. Environmental Risk Assessment......Page 96
4. The Largest Remediation Problems......Page 99
5. Current State of Borne Sulinowo......Page 103
6. Lessons Learned......Page 104
1. Recent Situation......Page 105
2. Review of the Public Safety Strategy......Page 113
3. Discussion......Page 119
1. Introduction......Page 120
2. Typical Hazards on Conversion Sites......Page 122
3. Historic Investigation Strategies......Page 126
4. Risk Assessment......Page 134
5. Conclusions......Page 135
1. Introduction......Page 137
2. History of Kaunas Fortress......Page 139
3. Present Situation of Kaunas Fortress......Page 141
4. Conversion Alternatives and Projects......Page 145
5. Conclusions and Future Tasks......Page 148
6. Maps and Photographic Documentation of the Forts......Page 150
1. Introduction......Page 156
2. The First Example: Baroque Fortress......Page 157
3. The Second Example: Military Airport......Page 161
4. Conclusions......Page 165
1. Introduction......Page 169
2. Concepts in Environmental Security......Page 170
3. The Science of Environmental Security......Page 171
4. A Model for Site Remediation......Page 173
5. Summary......Page 175
1. Preliminary Notes......Page 178
3. Technical Details and Other Information......Page 179
4. How to Work With the Database......Page 181
B. Laws and Regulations......Page 182
C. Regulations of Professional Associations......Page 183
1. Introduction......Page 185
2. Abandoned Military Sites in the Ukraine......Page 186
3. Biodecontamination of Concrete Surfaces......Page 189
4. Conclusions......Page 195
1. Introduction......Page 196
4. Conclusions......Page 199
1. Introduction......Page 201
2. The Role of the Environment and Environmental Management Systems in Peace-time Defence Organisations......Page 203
3. Program for the Rehabilitation and Restoration of Polluted Sites......Page 204
4. Disarmament and Solutions for Military Risk Reduction on the Left Bank of the Dniestr River......Page 206
5. Ordnance Clearance Technology Measures......Page 207
6. Conclusions......Page 208
Index......Page 210