Environmental Processes and Management: Tools and Practices (Water Science and Technology Library, 91)

✍ Scribed by Raj Mohan Singh (editor), Prabhakar Shukla (editor), Prachi Singh (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2020
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 455
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book presents an in-depth, science-based approach to applying key project-management and spatial tools and practices in environmental projects. Providing important data for those considering projects that balance social-economic growth against minimizing its ill-effects on planet Earth, the book discusses various aspects of environmental engineering, as well as formula and analytical approaches required for more informed decision-making.

Beginning with a broad overview of the factors and features of environmental processes and management, the book then clearly details the general application of fundamental processes, the characteristics of the different systems in which they occur, and the way in which these factors influence process dynamics, environmental systems, and their possible remedies.

While primarily intended for professionals responsible for the management of environmental projects or interested in improving the overall efficiency of such projects, it is also useful for managers in the private, public, and not-for-profit sectors. Further, it is a valuable resource for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, and an indispensable guide for anyone wanting to develop their skills in modern environmental management and related techniques.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Abbreviations
I Environmental Modeling
1 Monte Carlo Simulation and Fuzzy Modelling of River Water Quality for Multiple Reaches Using QUAL2kw
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study Area
1.3 Material and Methodology
1.3.1 River Segmentation
1.3.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
1.3.3 Water Quality Model
1.3.4 Model Calibration
1.3.5 Model Validation
1.3.6 Uncertainty Analysis
1.4 Result and Discussion
1.4.1 Performance Analysis of ANFIS
1.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model
1.4.3 Uncertainty Analysis
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Stable Channel Design of Tapi River Using HEC-RAS for Surat Region
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Objective of Study
2.3 Scope of the Study
2.4 Study Area
2.5 HEC-RAS Modeling Concepts
2.5.1 HEC-RAS Input Parameters for Steady Flow Analysis
2.5.2 Geometric Data
2.5.3 Cross-Sectional Data
2.6 Flood Conveyance Performance
2.7 Methodology
2.8 Result and Discussion
2.9 Conclusion
References
3 Nutrient Fluxes from Agriculture: Reducing Environmental Impact Through Optimum Application
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Description of Pollution Causing Drivers in Agriculture
3.2.1 Role of Pesticides
3.2.2 NPS from Agriculture and Livestock Sector
3.2.3 NH3 Emissions from Agriculture and Livestock Sector
3.2.4 Leaching of N Fertilization
3.2.5 Recycling of Irrigation Water
3.2.6 Environmental Indicators (EIs)
3.3 Measures Adopted for Sustainable Agro-Environment
3.3.1 Pesticides
3.3.2 NPS
3.3.3 Efficient Use of Fertilizer
3.3.4 Environmental Objectives
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 An Experimental Study on Benzo[a] Pyrene Concentration in Particulate Matter at Industrial Area of Bangalore
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Concentrations of B[a]P in the Indian Environment
4.2.1 Ambient Air
4.2.2 Soil
4.2.3 Water and Sediments
4.3 Health Risks Associated with PM
4.4 Description of Sampling Site
4.5 Methodology
4.6 Results and Discussion
4.7 Conclusions
References
II Environmental Remediation
5 Environmental Impact of Landfill Leachate and Its Remediation Using Advanced Biological Methods
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Evolution of Landfill Leachate Treatments
5.2.1 Biological Treatment Systems
5.2.2 Advanced Biological Treatment Techniques
5.3 Conclusions
References
6 Biological Methodologies for Treatment of Textile Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dyes and Complexity of Real Textile Wastewater
6.3 Bacterial-Mediated Decolourization of Dyes
6.4 Myco-Decolourization of Dyes
6.5 Phyco-Decolourization of Dyes
6.6 Phyto-Decolourization of Dyes
6.7 Enzyme-Mediated Decolourization of Dyes
6.8 Factors Affecting the Decolourization of Dyes
6.9 Toxicity Assessment of the Bio-Treated Textile Wastewater
6.10 Advancement in Bio-Treatment of Textile Wastewater and Application of Bio-Energy Generation
6.11 Concluding Remarks and Future Trends
References
7 Impact of Biotechnology on the Climate Change
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stress-Tolerant Varieties of Crops and Climate Change
7.2.1 Biotech Crops Adapted to Climate Change
7.2.2 Salinity-Tolerant Crops
7.2.3 Drought-Resistant Crops
7.2.4 Cold-Tolerant Crops
7.2.5 Heat-Resistant Crops
7.3 Biotechnology and Climate Change
7.3.1 Reduction in Greenhouse Gases Emission
7.3.2 Use of Environmentally Friendly Fuels
7.3.3 Carbon Sequestration
7.3.4 Reduced Synthetic Fertilizer
7.4 Adaptation to Biotic Stresses
7.4.1 Insect-Pest Resistance
7.4.2 Disease Resistance
7.4.3 Resistance to Fungal Diseases
7.4.4 Resistance to Bacterial and Viral Diseases
7.4.5 Resistance to Herbicides
7.5 Conclusions
References
8 Environmental Hazards of Limestone Mining and Adaptive Practices for Environment Management Plan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Limestone: Geological Formations and Mining Process
8.2.1 Geological Formation
8.2.2 Uses of Limestone
8.2.3 Limestone Mining Process: A Brief Review
8.3 Environmental Hazards of Limestone Mining
8.3.1 Impacts on Land and Soil
8.3.2 Impacts Due to Blasting
8.3.3 Impacts on Air Quality
8.3.4 Impacts on Water Resources
8.4 Sustainable Mining for Environmental Hazard Management
8.4.1 Environment Management Plan
8.4.2 Industry Best Practices from Around the World
8.4.3 Recommendations
References
9 Water Consumption Management for Thermal Power Plant
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Zero Liquid Discharge
9.3 Water Requirement in Thermal Power Plants
9.4 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants
9.4.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements
9.4.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements
9.4.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements
9.4.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements
9.5 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plants
9.6 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts
9.7 Adoption of Dry Cooling System
9.8 Additional Water Conservation Techniques
9.8.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode
9.8.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System
9.8.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke
9.8.4 Recycling of Cooling Water Blowdown to Other Systems
9.8.5 Optimization of the Ash–Water Ratio
9.8.6 Reducing Leakage and Overflows
9.8.7 Recycling of Treated Wastewater
9.9 Approaches for Zero Liquid Discharge
9.10 Discussions and Conclusion
References
10 Geoengineering Structures of Crabs and Their Role in Nutrient Cycling in Mangrove Ecosystem of Mahanadi Delta, Odisha, India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Study Area
10.2.2 Sampling Technique
10.2.3 Creation of Plaster Casts to Study the Burrow Structure
10.2.4 Collection of Sediment Samples
10.2.5 Analysis of Sediment Physio-Chemical Parameters
10.2.6 Sediment Texture Analysis
10.2.7 Analysis of Sediment Organic Carbon
10.2.8 Statistical Analysis
10.3 Results
10.3.1 Crab Burrows Structure
10.3.2 Physico-Chemical Parameters of Sediment
10.4 Discussion
10.4.1 Burrow Structure
10.4.2 Nutrient Profiling by Crabs
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Application of a Low-Cost Technology to Treat Domestic Sewage and to Improve Fertility of a Barren Lateritic Soil
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Lateritic Soil Substrate
11.2.2 CW Plants
11.2.3 Experimental Protocol
11.2.4 Analysis of Parameters
11.2.5 Media and Plant Analysis
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Nitrogen Dynamic
11.3.2 Phosphorus Dynamics
11.3.3 BOD/COD Removals in CWs
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with Defluoridation Sludge in Cement Mortars Manufacturing: A Critical Review
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Impact of Defluoridation Sludge on Health and Environment
12.3 Use of Defluoridation Sludge for Making Bricks
12.4 Use of Alum Sludge for Making Concrete
12.5 Use of Water Treatment Sludge for Making Cement Mortars
12.5.1 Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates with Defluoridation Sludge in Cement Mortars
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Impact of Genetically Modified Crops on Environment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Genetic Modification of a Plant
13.3 Pest Resistance
13.4 Herbicide Resistance
13.5 Transition to Conservation Tillage and Reduced Green House Gas Emission
13.6 Phytoremediation
13.7 Sustainable Environment via Biotechnological Intervention
13.8 Waste Management
13.9 Disadvantages of Genetically Engineered Crops on Environment
13.10 Conclusion
References
14 Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter—A Critical Review for Indian Scenario
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Source Apportionment
14.3 Receptor Models
14.4 Source Profiles Known—Chemical Mass Balance
14.5 Unidentified Source Profile
14.5.1 Enrichment Factor
14.5.2 Factor Analysis
14.6 Hybrid Models
14.6.1 Constrained Physical Receptor Model (COPREM)
14.6.2 Extended Factor Analysis
14.7 Features of Various Receptor Models
14.8 Source Signature Selection
14.8.1 Crustal Resuspension or Road Dust
14.8.2 Vehicular Emission Sources
14.8.3 Industrial Emissions Sources
14.8.4 Fuel Incineration
14.8.5 Marine Aerosol Emissions
14.8.6 Biomass and Refuse Burning
14.9 Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulates for Indian Scenario
14.9.1 Source Apportionment Studies in Northern India
14.9.2 Source Apportionment Studies in Southern India
14.9.3 Source Apportionment Studies in Eastern and Central India
14.9.4 Source Apportionment Studies in Western India
14.10 Discussions and Conclusion
References
15 A Review on Ionic Liquids as Novel Absorbents for SO2 Removal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 SO2 Absorption from Various Absorbents
15.2.1 Calcium-Based Absorbents
15.2.2 Ammonia-Based Absorbents
15.2.3 Ionic Liquids Used for SO2 Capture
15.2.4 Hydroxyl Ammonium Ionic Liquids
15.2.5 Gaunidinium-Based Ionic Liquids
15.2.6 Caprolactam-Based Ionic Liquids
15.2.7 Pyridinium-Based Ionic Liquids
15.2.8 Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids
15.2.9 Inverse Supported Ionic Liquids
15.3 Conclusions
References
III Groundwater Management
16 Long-Term Performance Evaluation of Permeable Reactive Barrier for Groundwater Remediation Using Visual MODFLOW
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Study Area
16.3 Model Development
16.3.1 Governing Equation for Contaminant Solute Transport
16.3.2 Numerical Modeling
16.4 Results and Discussions
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Management of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers: An Overview of Recent Advances
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Identification of the Saltwater Intrusion
17.2.1 Geochemical Technique
17.2.2 Vertical Electrical Sounding
17.2.3 Combined Method
17.3 Prediction Models
17.3.1 Graphical Method
17.3.2 Analytical Solution
17.3.3 Numerical Solution
17.4 Management Model
17.4.1 Embedding Techniques
17.4.2 Linked Simulation Optimization Approach
17.4.3 Surrogate Models
17.4.4 Combined Approach Using Density-Dependent Model and Sharp Interface Model
17.5 Conclusions
References
18 Numerical Errors Associated with Groundwater Models and Improving the Reliability of Models in Environmental Management Issues
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Numerical Approach
18.2.1 Determine the Expression for  Cin + 1 in Terms of Spatial Derivative
18.2.2 Derivation of the Truncation Error Formula
18.2.3 Reformulation of the Truncation Error Corrected Subsurface Transport Equation
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Comparison of Numerical Solution of Corrected and Non-corrected Truncation Error for Different FD Schemes with Analytical Solution
18.3.2 Estimation of Relative Error in the Numerical Results of Truncation Error Corrected and Non- Corrected FD Models
18.4 Conclusions
References
19 Groundwater Salinity in Northwestern Region of India: A Critical Appraisal
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Groundwater Salinity
19.2.1 Groundwater Salinity in India
19.2.2 Origin of Groundwater Salinity
19.3 Groundwater in NWR
19.3.1 Groundwater Salinity in NWR
19.3.2 Reclamation of Groundwater Salinity in Northwestern Region
19.4 Groundwater Management Plans
19.4.1 Artificial Recharge
19.4.2 Cropping Sequence
19.4.3 Micro-Irrigation Method
19.4.4 Community Participation
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Interaction Between Groundwater and Surface Water and Its Effect on Groundwater Quality
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Study Area and Data Collection
20.2.1 Surface Water Quality
20.2.2 Groundwater Level and Quality
20.2.3 Rainfall Data and Lithology
20.3 Methodology
20.4 Modeling of Surface Water Quality
20.5 GroundWater Quality Modeling
20.6 Conclusions
References
21 Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerable Zones of Nagpur City Using DRASTIC and Susceptibility Index Method
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methodology
21.2.1 Study Area
21.2.2 DRASTIC
21.2.3 Susceptibility Index (SI)
21.2.4 Importance and Generation of Parameters Map Involved in Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment
21.3 Results and Discussion
21.3.1 DRASTIC
21.3.2 Susceptibility Index (SI)
21.3.3 Validation
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Integrated Planning and Management of Water Resources in Sheonath River Basin of Chhattisgarh State India
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and Methodology
22.2.1 Study Area
22.2.2 HEC-HMS Model
22.2.3 SCS-CN Method
22.2.4 Terrain Pre-processing
22.2.5 Analytic Hierarchy Process
22.3 Results and Discussion
22.3.1 Potential Runoff
22.3.2 Application of AHP
22.3.3 Computation of Runoff Volume for Proposed Sites
22.3.4 Irrigation Water Requirement
22.4 Conclusion
References