Environmental Oceanography and Coastal Dynamics: Current Scenario and Future Trends

✍ Scribed by Swapna Mukherjee, Kaushik Kiran Ghosh, Abhra Chanda

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 449
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book deals with every aspect of oceanography in detail including various aspects of physical, chemical, geological, and biological discourse. ‘Earth and Planetary Science’ is perhaps the oldest, dynamic, and ever-evolving subject. Oceanography is one of its domains, which has become important in the present date, given the ubiquitous and undeniable climate change that we are experiencing. The subject domain of oceanography encompasses several environmental issues, which need serious attention from the present scientific community. Despite the ocean’s significant role in the collective well-being of the human race, a multitude of anthropogenic activities has drastically polluted and degraded several crucial oceanic ecosystems within a short span. This book aims to present a concise yet succinct introduction to Oceanography as a subject and at the same time highlight the cutting-edge topics of research encompassing marine pollution, coastal processes, and many other associated phenomena. Oceanography is an interdisciplinary emerging subject and students all over the world who come from varied disciplines are pursuing it as higher studies. Long sections are devoted to ocean–atmosphere interaction, tides, waves, and related coastal processes. The book represents a comprehensive idea of human activities bestowing the ocean with particular reference to Indian examples. This book helps to understand marine pollution and the behavior of oil, plastic, and other agents in the light of real-world examples and empirical models. Harnessing electricity from waves and tides is a technological advancement in the field of unconventional energy. The vast resources of the ocean like oil, mineral, methane hydrate, and their proper estimation and exploitation is the topic of discussion in the third part of the book. This book is designated to meet the essential needs of the students studying oceanography and marine science. It may be helpful to professional oceanographers also.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
About This Book
Contents
About the Authors
1 An Introduction to Oceanography
1.1 The Term Oceanography and Its Scope
1.2 Historical Evolution of this Subject
1.3 The Broad Categorization of Oceanography
1.3.1 Geological Oceanography
1.3.2 Physical Oceanography
1.3.3 Biological Oceanography
1.3.4 Chemical Oceanography
1.4 Oceans and Global Climate
1.5 Oceanic Circulation System
1.6 Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1.6.1 Water Cycle
1.6.2 Carbon Cycle
1.6.3 Nutrient Dynamics
1.7 Ice Dynamics
1.8 Coastal Processes
1.8.1 Waves
1.8.2 Tides
1.8.3 Coastal Geomorphological Dynamics
1.9 Renewable Energy and Resources from the Ocean
1.10 Advancements in Oceanography
References
2 Marine Ecosystems
2.1 Classification of Marine Water Bodies
2.2 Neritic Ecosystems
2.3 Pelagic Ecosystems
2.3.1 Epipelagic Ecosystems
2.3.2 Mesopelagic Ecosystems
2.3.3 Bathypelagic Ecosystems
2.3.4 Abyssalpelagic Ecosystems
2.3.5 Hadalpelagic Ecosystems
2.3.6 Benthic Ecosystems
2.4 Photic and Aphotic Zones
2.5 Intertidal and Littoral Zones
2.6 Coastal Ecosystems
2.6.1 Estuaries
2.6.2 Mangroves
2.6.3 Seagrass
2.6.4 Salt Marshes
2.6.5 Coral Reef
2.6.6 Seaweed
2.6.7 Tidal Flats
2.6.8 Lagoons and Backwaters
2.7 Marine Ecosystem Services
2.7.1 Provisioning Services
2.7.2 Regulating and Supporting Services
2.7.3 Cultural Services
2.8 Scope of Research in Marine Science
References
3 Oceans and Human Activities
3.1 Shipping and Trade
3.2 Ports and Harbours
3.3 Offshore Mining
3.4 Petroleum and Hydrocarbons
3.5 Submarine Cables and Pipelines
3.6 Tourism
3.7 Desalinization
3.8 Capture Fisheries and Seafood
3.9 Genetic Resources and Pharmacy
References
4 Basic Oceanographic Parameters and Their Significance
4.1 General Physicochemical Parameters
4.1.1 Water Temperature
4.1.2 Density
4.1.3 Salinity
4.1.4 Dissolved Oxygen
4.1.5 pH
4.1.6 Suspended Particulate Matter
4.2 Water Column Parameters
4.2.1 Secchi Depth
4.2.2 Euphotic Depth
4.2.3 Turbidity
4.2.4 Underwater Photosynthetically Active Radiation
4.2.5 Mixed Layer Depth
4.2.6 Thermocline Depth
4.2.7 Pycnocline Depth
4.2.8 Halocline Depth
4.3 Carbonate Chemistry Parameters
4.3.1 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
4.3.2 Total Alkalinity
4.3.3 The Partial Pressure of CO2
4.3.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon
4.3.5 Particulate Organic Carbon
4.3.6 Calcium Carbonate Saturation State
4.3.7 Air-Water CO2 Fluxes
4.4 Biological Productivity Parameters
4.4.1 Gross Primary Productivity
4.4.2 Community Respiration
4.4.3 Net Primary Productivity
4.4.4 Phytoplankton Abundance
4.4.5 Chlorophyll Concentration
4.4.6 Zooplankton Abundance
4.4.7 Trophic State Index (TRIX)
4.5 Essential Nutrients
4.5.1 Nitrate
4.5.2 Nitrite
4.5.3 Ammonia
4.5.4 Total Nitrogen
4.5.5 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus
4.5.6 Total Phosphorus
4.5.7 Reactive Silicate
References
5 Coastal Pollution—An Overview
5.1 What is Marine Pollution?
5.2 Coastal Geography
5.3 Sources of Marine Pollution
5.4 Types of Inputs for Marine Pollution
5.4.1 Direct Discharge
5.4.2 Sewage
5.4.3 Surface Runoff
5.4.4 Hydrocarbon in the Sea
5.4.5 Shipping Pollution
5.4.6 Deep Sea Mining
5.5 Impacts of Marine Pollution
5.6 Human Impacts on Marine Environments
5.7 Coastal Zone Management
5.8 Conclusion
References
6 Nutrient Pollution
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Nutrient Pollution
6.1.2 Problems of Nutrient Imbalance
6.1.3 Ecological Impact Due to Nutrient Over-Enrichment
6.1.4 Role of Seagrass Habitat and Their Impact on the Ecosystem
6.2 Eutrophication
6.2.1 Cultural Eutrophication
6.2.2 Factors Affecting Eutrophication
6.2.3 Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)
6.3 Limiting Nutrients and Their Biological Role
6.3.1 Redfield Ratio
6.3.2 High Nutrient-Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) Regions
6.4 Dead Zone
6.4.1 Causes
6.4.2 Effects of Hypoxia
6.4.3 Impact on Coral Reef
6.5 Strategies to Combat Nutrient Over-Enrichment
6.6 Case Studies
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Organic Pollution
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Wastewater Quality Indicators
7.2.3 BOD as Wastewater Quality Indicators
7.2.4 Standard Values
7.2.5 Measuring Methods
7.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
7.3.1 Background
7.3.2 Standard Values
7.3.3 Measuring Methods
7.3.4 COD as Wastewater Quality Indicator
7.4 Coliform
7.4.1 Indicator Organisms
7.4.2 Coliform Group of Bacteria
7.4.3 The Membrane-Filter (MF) Technique
References
8 Persistent Organic Pollutants
8.1 Definition
8.2 A Brief History of the POPs
8.3 Types of POPs
8.4 The Dirty Dozens
8.5 Sources of POPs
8.6 Chemical Properties of POPs
8.7 Environmental Behaviour of POPs
8.7.1 Transportation/Long-Range Atmospheric Transportation
8.7.2 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
8.8 Global Distribution of POPs
8.9 Environmental Impacts of POPs
8.10 Silent Spring—The Book
8.11 Remedies
8.12 Conclusion
References
9 Heavy Metals
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Principles of Metal Toxicity
9.3 Arsenic
9.3.1 Sources of Arsenic in Nature
9.3.2 Toxicokinetics of Arsenic
9.3.3 Impact of Arsenic on Living Beings
9.4 Copper
9.4.1 Toxicokinetics of Copper
9.4.2 Impact of Copper on Living Beings
9.4.3 Chronic Copper Poisoning
9.5 Chromium
9.6 Lead
9.7 Mercury
9.7.1 Sources of Mercury and Health Impacts
9.7.2 Minamata Bay Disease
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Marine Oil Pollution
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Composition and Classification of Oils
10.3 Oil Spillage and Sources
10.4 Effects of Oil Pollution
10.5 Remediation of Oil Pollution
10.6 Physical Remediation
10.6.1 Booms
10.6.2 Boom Types
10.6.3 Skimmers
10.6.4 Sorbent Materials
10.7 Chemical Remediation
10.7.1 Dispersants
10.7.2 Solidifiers
10.8 Thermal Remediation
10.9 Bioremediation
10.10 Case Studies
10.11 Conclusion
References
11 Plastic Pollution
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification, Sources, and Effects of Plastics
11.2.1 Classification
11.2.2 Sources of Plastics in the Marine Environment
11.2.3 Harmful Impact of Plastic on the Marine Environment
11.3 Macroplastics
11.3.1 Macroplastic Pollution Pathway
11.3.2 Effects of Macroplastics on the Marine Environment
11.3.3 Agreement and Measures to Prevent and Combat Macroplastics in the Marine Environment
11.4 Microplastics
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Types, Sources and Distribution
11.4.3 Effects of Microplastics on Marine Organisms
11.4.4 Remedies
11.5 Case Study: The Great Pacific Garbage Patch
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Ocean Acidification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism
12.3 Causes
12.4 Impacts of Ocean Acidification
12.5 Remedies
12.5.1 Reducing CO2 Emissions
12.5.2 Managing Solar Radiation
12.6 Case Studies
12.6.1 Norwegian Sea
12.6.2 Barents Sea
12.6.3 Western Canadian Arctic Sea
12.6.4 Greenland
12.6.5 Alaska
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 Energy From the Ocean
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Marine Renewable Energy
13.3 Principles of Energy Generation From Ocean Resource
13.4 Wave Energy
13.4.1 Wave Energy Potential
13.4.2 Wave Energy Conversion Technologies
13.5 Wind Energy
13.5.1 Wind Energy Potential
13.5.2 Wind Energy Conversion Technologies
13.6 Tidal Energy
13.6.1 Tidal Resource Potential
13.6.2 Tidal Power Conversion Technologies
13.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
13.7.1 OTEC Resource Potential
13.7.2 OTEC Technologies
13.8 Energy From the Salinity Gradient
13.8.1 Salinity Gradient Energy Potential
13.8.2 Technologies Related to Salinity Gradient Energy (SGE)
13.9 Other Forms of Energy
13.9.1 Marine Biodiesel as an Energy Source
13.9.2 Concept of Artificial Energy Island
13.9.3 Geothermal Energy
13.10 Benefits and Disadvantages of Using Ocean Energy
13.11 Environmental Interactions and Consequences of Ocean Renewable Energy
References
14 Marine Mineral Resources
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymetallic Nodules
14.3 Ferromanganese Crusts
14.4 Sea Floor Massive Sulphides
14.5 Oil in the Offshore Basins
14.6 Offshore Oil of India
14.7 Natural Gas Hydrates
14.8 Other Mineral Resources
14.8.1 Offshore Coal Deposits
14.8.2 Marine Placer Deposits
14.8.3 Construction Material
14.8.4 Evaporites and Salts
14.8.5 Marine Phosphorite Deposits
14.8.6 Hot Brines and Metalliferous Muds
14.9 Seabed Mining and Its Impact
14.10 Conclusion
References
15 Coastal Hazards: Climatic and Hydrogeological Hazards
15.1 Coastal Hazards—An Introduction
15.2 Cyclone and Cyclone Related Surge
15.2.1 Condition for the Formation of Tropical Cyclone
15.2.2 Development of a Tropical Cyclone
15.2.3 Structures of Tropical Cyclones
15.2.4 Impact of Tropical Cyclones
15.2.5 Global Distribution of Tropical Cyclone and the Scenario in Coastal India
15.2.6 Prediction and Mitigation of Tropical Cyclone
15.2.7 Extratropical Cyclone
15.2.8 Difference Between Tropical and Extratropical Cyclone
15.2.9 Conclusion
15.3 Coastal Flood
15.3.1 Types of Floods
15.3.2 Causes of Coastal Flood
15.3.3 Consequences of Coastal Flood Hazard
15.3.4 Coastal Flood Prediction
15.3.5 Coastal Flood Mitigation
15.3.6 Urbanisation and Floods in Coastal Cities
15.4 Coastal Groundwater Problem
15.4.1 Salinity Problem in Groundwater
15.4.2 Remediation of Coastal Salinity
15.4.3 Other Problems of Groundwater
15.4.4 Conclusion
References
16 Coastal Hazards: Geomorphic and Tectonic Hazards
16.1 Coastal Erosion and Beach Degradation Process
16.1.1 Beach Profile and Morphology of a Coast
16.1.2 Source of Beach Sands and Coastal Sediment Budget
16.1.3 Process of Coastal Erosion
16.1.4 Remedial Measures to Coastal Erosion
16.1.5 Coastal Protection Activities in India
16.2 Coastal Land Subsidence
16.3 Coastal and Submarine Landslide
16.4 Tsunami
16.4.1 Mechanism of Tsunami Generation
16.4.2 Global Distribution of Tsunamis
16.4.3 Tsunami in the Light of Plate Tectonics
16.4.4 Tsunami Warning, Forecasting and Mitigation
16.4.5 Conclusion
16.5 Coastal Radioactivity and Hazard Related to Radionuclides
References
17 Global Sea-Level Rise and Associated Problems
17.1 Causes of Sea-Level Rise
17.2 Quantification of Sea-Level Change
17.3 Problems of Sea-Level Rise
17.4 Solution to SLR and Adaptation Strategies
References
Index