Environmental Control in Thermal Power Plants

✍ Scribed by T.M. Aggarwal

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 551
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

From wood and coal to predominantly oil and natural gas. Thermal Power Plants use fuels for power generation. Water is used for process, cooling, as well as for service/drinking requirement. Chemicals are used for conditioning of water, corrosion-control and sometimes for conditioning of fuel as well. Lubricants are used for machinery. These inputs generate waste products. Human related wastes (sewage etc.) are also generated along with the processed waste. These pollutants/wastes need to be treated before their disposal from the plants. The treated effluents are required to meet the limits set by Central / State Pollution Control Boards. The regulations, issued by these agencies, specify the maximum allowable limits applicable to the pollutants discharge from the Power Plants. This book is a serious effort that deals in detail with all the above issues and we are sure that scientists, academicians, researchers and professionals who are constantly facing these issues and are striving to move towards a zero emission regime, will find this monograph a very useful reference tool on the topic.
Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Detail Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
1. Thermal Power Generation
1.1 Demand and Supply Position of Electricity
1.2 Energy Demand and Supply
1.3 Surging Energy Demand
1.4 Road Blocks on the Way
1.4.1 Restructuring the Power Sector Adequate
1.4.2 Eyeing Accelerated Power Generation
1.5 Development of Ultra Mega Power Projects
1.6 Planned Transmission
1.6.1 Bringing Efficiency in Distribution
1.6.2 Reaching to Rural India
1.6.3 Harnessing Renewable Energy
1.6.4 Energy Saved is Energy Created
1.7 Unit Capacity Thermal Power Stations
1.8 Thermal Power – Technology Development
1.8.1 Boilers
1.8.2 Feed Water Makeup and Demineralizing Plant
1.8.3 Circulating Water System
1.9 Control and Instrumentation
1.10 Plant Layout 3×660 MW units
1.10.1 Capacity Utilization and Performance Improvement
1.10.2 Thermal Hydro Ratio
1.10.3 Thermal Power and Environment
1.10.4 List of Power Stations in India
1.10.5 Thermal Capacity, Generation and PLF
1.11 Coal Fired Power Plants Green House Gas Emissions
1.11.1 Power Plant Efficiency Improvement Measures
1.11.2 Energy Conservation Measures (Site Specific)
1.11.3 Afforestation at Coal Station
1.11.4 Nitrous Oxide Control Measures
1.11.5 Mitigation of Green House Gases
1.12 Environmental Control Thermal Power Plants
1.12.1 Major Categories of Pollutants
1.12.2 Sources of Pollutants, and Permissible Limits
1.12.3 Pollutants Originating from Cooling Systems
1.12.4 Effluents from Pre-treatment Plant and DM Water Plant
1.12.5 Pollutants Originating from Power Cycle System
1.12.6 Sanitary Waste
1.12.7 Miscellaneous Effluents
1.12.8 Effluents Management System
1.12.9 Noise Pollution
1.13 Fluidized Bed Combustion
1.13.1 Fluidized Bed Boilers Versus Pulverized Fuel Boilers
1.13.2 Clean Coal Technologies for Power Generation
1.13.3 Fluidized Bed Boilers
1.13.4 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion
1.13.5 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
1.13.6 Pressurized Bubbling Fluidized Bed System
1.13.7 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustor
1.13.8 Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed System
1.13.9 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles
1.14 Environmental Assessment
1.14.1 Particulate Emissions
1.14.2 Sulphur Dioxide Emissions
1.14.3 Nitrogen Oxides
1.14.4 Greenhouse Gases
1.14.5 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
1.14.6 Nitrous Oxide
1.14.7 Solid Waste
1.14.8 Aqueous Discharge
1.14.9 Electricity Sector in India
2.1 Rural Electrification
2.2 NTPC-Powerhouse of Excellence a Profile
2.2.1 The Genesis of NTPC
2.2.2 Lighting Every Fourth Home
2.2.3 Market Leader and Global Performer
2.2.4 NHPC–National Hydro Electric Power Corporation
2.2.5 Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
2.2.6 Power Finance Corporation Limited (PFC)
2.3 Thermal Generation in India-The BHEL Contribution
2.3.1 The 500 MW Turbo Generators
2.3.2 Air-cooled Turbo Generators for Combined-Cycle Applications
2.3.3 Capability to Set-up Combined Cycle Power Plants
2.3.4 Gas Turbines
2.3.5 The Advent to the Combined–Cycle Plant
2.3.6 Introduction of Naphtha Firing
2.3.7 The Advanced Class Gas Turbines
2.4 The Next Generation Power Plant
2.5 Gasification Adds Value
3.1 Thermal Power: Guidelines for New Plants
3.2 World Bank Emission Standards for Coal Fired Thermal Power Plants in India
3.3 Central Pollution Control Board Environmental Standards
3.4 Thermal Power Plants in India
3.4.1 Anthropogenic Emissions
3.4.2 NTPC Run Thermal power plants
3.4.3 NOx Emissions
3.4.4 Soot Emissions
3.4.5 Fly Ash Pond / Pitash Emissions
3.5 Coal
3.5.1 Coal Properties
3.5.2 Elemental Analysis, Moisture Content and Grades of Typical Indian Coals
3.6 Fuels
3.6.1 Theory of Combustion
3.6.2 Solid Fuels
3.6.3 Ultimate Analysis of Typical United States Coals
3.6.4 Physical Properties
3.6.5 Fuel-bed Firing
3.6.6 Underfeed Firing
3.6.7 Suspension Firing
3.6.8 Pulverization
3.7 Types of Coal Grinding Mill
3.7.1 Tumbling Mills
3.7.2 Roller Mills
4.1 Emissions from Coal Usage
4.2 Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen From Coal
4.3 Carbonaceous Material and Black Carbon
4.4 Suspended Particulate Matter
4.5 Coal Reserves
5.1 Dirty Secret: Coal Plants Could be Much Cleaner
5.1.1 Success Story
5.1.2 Yonghung Thermal Power Plant
5.1.3 Dahanu Thermal Power Station, Dahanu Taluka, India
2. Energy and Environment
2.1 Energy
2.1.1 International Energy Outlook 2013
2.1.2 World Economic Background
2.1.3 World Energy Markets by Fuel Type
2.1.4 Electricity
2.1.5 World Delivered Energy use by Sector
2.1.6 World Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2.1.7 Environmental Impacts of Energy Production and Use
2.2 Fossil Fuels
2.2.1 Coal
2.2.2 Oil and Natural Gas
2.2.3 Issues of Global Concern
2.2.4 Transportation and the Environment
2.3 Renewable Energy
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 History
2.3.3 Wind Power
2.3.4 Hydroelectricity Hydropower
2.3.5 Solar Energy
2.3.6 Biomass
2.3.7 Biofuel
2.3.8 Geothermal Energy
2.3.9 Renewable Energy Commercialization
2.3.10 Other Technologies
2.3.11 Renewable Energy Debate
2.4 Nuclear power
2.4.1 Use
2.4.2 History
4.2.3 Nuclear Power Plant
2.4.4 Life Cycle
2.4.5 Economics
2.4.6 Accidents and Safety, the Human and Financial Costs
2.4.7 Nuclear Proliferation
2.4.8 Environmental Issues
2.4.9 Nuclear Decommissioning
2.4.10 Debate on Nuclear Power
2.4.11 Comparison with Renewable Energy
2.4.12 Nuclear Power Organizations
2.4.13 Nuclear Renaissance
2.4.14 Future of the Industry
2.5 Geothermal Electricity
2.5.1 History and Development
2.5.2 Resources
2.5.3 Power Station Types
2.5.4 Worldwide Production
2.5.5 Environmental Impact
2.5.6 Economics
2.6 Thermal Power Station
2.6.1 Overview
2.6.2 History
2.6.3 Thermal Power Generation Efficiency
2.6.4 Electricity Cost
2.6.5 Diagram of a Typical Coal Thermal Power Station
2.6.6 Boiler and Steam Cycle
2.6.7 Steam Turbine Generator
2.6.8 Stack Gas Path and Cleanup
2.6.9 Auxiliary Systems
2.6.10 Transport of Coal Fuel to Site and to Storage
2.7 Energy Policy of India
2.7.1 Energy Sources in India
2.7.2 Energy Conservation
2.7.3 Rural Electrification
2.7.4 Bio-Fuels
2.7.5 Wind Power Showcase
2.7.6 Oil
2.7.7 Nuclear Power
2.7.8 Hydrogen Energy
2.7.9 Solar Energy
2.7.10 Policy Framework
2.7.11 Electricity Trading with Neighbouring Countries
2.8 Energy Demand In Major Asian Countries
2.8.1 Introduction
2.8.2 Energy Consumption
2.8.3 Salient Features of Energy Use in Asian Developing Countries
2.8.4 Elasticities Used in the Models
2.8.5 Projections of Energy Demand in the Five Countries
2.8.6 Policies and Measures for Energy Conservation
2.8.7 Industrial Sector
2.8.8 Transportation Sector
2.8.9 Electric Power Sector
2.9 Solar Power in India
2.9.1 Current Status
2.9.2 Applications
2.9.3 Challenges and Opportunities
2.9.4 Government Support
2.9.5 Wind Power
2.9.6 Small-scale Wind Power
2.9.7 Environmental Effects
2.9.8 Politics
2.9.9 Turbine Design
2.9.10 Wind Energy
2.10 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
2.10.1 Cost and Reliability
2.10.2 Recent Emerging IGCC Emission Controversy
2.10.3 Waste an Unwanted Extra
2.10.4 Pollution Risks
2.10.5 Incineration
2.10.6 Separation/Composting
2.10.7 Possible Global Measures
2.10.8 Objectives for Waste Disposal and Concern for the Environment
2.10.9 Swedish Policy and Measures
2.11 Future of Energy—The Power and The Glory
2.11.1 A Prize Beyond the Dreams of Avarice
2.11.2 The Poor Would Turn Greener Too
2.11.3 Trade Winds
2.11.4 Dig Deep
2.11.5 Another Silicon Valley
2.11.6 A Hot Tin Roof
2.11.7 Desert Song
2.11.8 From Little Acorns
2.11.9 Beneath Your Feet
2.11.10 Rock Hard
2.11.11 Biofuels of the Future
2.11.12 Grassed Up
2.11.13 Sugar and Spice
2.12 The End of the Petrohead
2.12.1 Don’t All Recharge Atonce
2.12.2 The 30,000-Compound Question
2.12.3 Life After Death
2.12.4 New Generation
2.12.5 The Future of Energy
2.12.6 This Time is Serious
2.12.7 The Price is Right
2.13 UN Energy 2009 Policy
2.13.1 Background
2.13.2 Industrial Energy Efficiency Potentials
2.13.3 Capturing Industrial Energy Efficiency Potential Through Policies
2.13.4 Industrial Energy Efficiency in the Post-2012 Framework
2.13.5 Conclusions
2.13.6 Recommendations
Acronyms
Appendix A
Appendix B
3. Thermal Power Plants and Pollution
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Major Categories of Pollutants
3.1.2 Sources of Pollutants, and Permissible Limits
3.1.3 Stack Height
3.1.4 Ambient Air Quality
3.1.5 Pollutants Originating from Cooling Systems
3.1.6 Effluents from Pre-treatment Plant and DM Water Plant
3.1.7 Pretreatment Plant
3.1.8 Filter Back Wash
3.1.9 DM Plant Effluents
3.1.10 Condensate Polishing Unit Effluents
3.1.11 Pollutants Originating from Power Cycle System
3.1.12 Boiler Blow-down
3.1.13 Flow Rate
3.1.14 Temperature
3.1.15 Chemical Cleaning Waste
3.1.16 Sanitary Waste
3.1.17 Miscellaneous Effluents
3.1.18 Effluents Management System
3.1.19 Noise Pollution
3.2 Effects of Pollution on Thermal Power Plants
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Conclusion
3.3 Environmental Management Systems
3.3.1 Environmental Management System Indicator
3.3.2 Sustainable Steel: Policy and Indicators 2015
3.4 Environmental Sustainability
3.4.1 Actions Taken to Address Environmental Challenges
3.4.2 Environment Impact Assessment of Thermal Power Plant for Sustainable Development
3.4.3 What is EIA?
3.4.4 Impact of Thermal Power Plant on Water Source
3.4.5 Types of Cycle
3.4.6 Thermal Power Plant: Largest Emitter of Mercury
3.4.7 Air Pollution due to Thermal Power Plants
3.4.8 Thermal Power Plant: Potential Source of Water Pollution
3.4.9 Water Conservation Techniques
3.4.10 Practices to Reduce Transportation Impact
3.4.11 Practices for Soil Management
3.4.12 Practices for Reducing Noise Pollution
3.4.13 Conclusion
3.4.14 List of Thermal Power Plants in India
3.4.15 Thermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated Coal
3.4.16 Thermal Power Plants Which Have Dry Flyash Collection Facilities
3.4.17 Flyash Utilization During 2005–06
3.5 Thermal Power Plants
3.5.1 Scope
3.5.2 Environmental Impacts and Protective Measures
References
Index