Environmental Bioremediation Technologies

✍ Scribed by Shree N. Singh

• Year: 2006
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 527
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

The rapid expansion and increasing sophistication of various industries in the past century has remarkably increased the amount and complexity of toxic waste effluents, which may be bioremediated by suitable plants & microbes, either natural occurring or tailor-made for the specific purpose. This technology is termed as bioremediation. Bioremediation is an eco- friendly, cost-effective and natural technology targeted to remove heavy metals, radionuclides, xenobiotic compounds, organic waste, pesticides etc. from contaminated sites or industrial discharges through biological means. Since this technology is used in in-situ conditions, it does not physically disturb the site unlike conventional methods i.e. chemical or mechanical methods. In this technology, higher plants or microbes are used alone or in combination for phytoextraction of heavy metals from metal contaminated sites. Through microbial interventions, either the metals are immobilized or mobilized through redox conversions at contaminated sites. If mobilized, metal accumulating plants are put in place to accumulate metals in their body. Thenafter, metal-loaded plants are harvested and incernated to reduce the volume of waste and then disposed off as hazardous materials or used for recovery of precious metals, if possible. In case of immobilization, metals are no longer available to be toxic to organisms.

✦ Table of Contents

Contents......Page 8
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contributors......Page 16
1. Introduction......Page 20
2. Metal Toxicity to Microorganisms......Page 21
3. Metal Speciation and Bioavailability......Page 23
4. Metal Inhibition of Biodegradation......Page 38
5. Strategies to Enhance Biodegradation in Co-contaminated Environments......Page 44
6. Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 47
1. Introduction......Page 54
2. Microbial Reduction of Metals by Fe(III)-reducing Bacteria......Page 55
3. Microbial Interaction with Toxic Metals by Sulfate-reducing Bacteria......Page 59
4. Development of Biosensors......Page 64
5. Development of Bioreactors......Page 65
6. Conclusion......Page 67
1. Introduction......Page 75
2. Chromium Toxicity......Page 77
3. Chemical Transformations of Chromium in Soil: Mobility and Bio-availability......Page 79
4. Interaction Between Chromium and Bacteria......Page 80
5. Soil Bioremediation Strategies......Page 85
6. Conclusion......Page 88
1. Introduction......Page 95
2. Phytoremediation......Page 96
3. Microbial Remediation of Metal-polluted Soils......Page 106
4. Heavy Metal Bioremediation using ''Symbiotic Engineering''......Page 109
5. Conclusion......Page 112
1. Introduction......Page 119
2. Phytochelatin......Page 121
3. Biosynthesis of Phytochelatins......Page 131
4. Mechanism of Action of Phytochelatins......Page 139
5. Characterization and Regulation of Phytochelatin Synthase Gene......Page 142
6. Evolutionary Aspects of Phytochelatin Synthase......Page 144
7. Genetic Engineering for Enhancing Phytoremediation Potential......Page 148
9. Conclusion......Page 153
1. Introduction......Page 165
2. Phytotoxicity of Al and Agricultural Losses......Page 170
3. Aluminum Tolerant Crop Plants......Page 171
4. Conclusion......Page 184
2. Metals and Microbes......Page 191
3. Microbial Processes Affecting Bioremediation of Metals......Page 195
4. Bioremediation Options for Metal Contaminated Sites......Page 197
5. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils......Page 199
6. Future Thrust – Do We Really Need to Do More?......Page 202
7. Conclusion......Page 203
1. Introduction......Page 206
2. Metals in Soils......Page 207
3. Radionuclides......Page 209
4. Phytoextraction......Page 212
5. Rhizofiltration......Page 214
6. Phytostabilization......Page 215
8. Design of Phytoremediation System......Page 216
9. Challenges for Phytoremediation......Page 218
10. Companies Developing Phytoremediation......Page 220
12. Conclusion......Page 221
2. Nanotechnology - A New Scientific Frontier......Page 227
4. Synthesis of Nanophase Materials......Page 228
5. Instrumentation for Nanotechnology......Page 229
7. Metal Pollution and its Impact......Page 230
9. Bioremediation through Nanotechnology......Page 231
10. Case Studies......Page 233
12. Comparison of Current Strategies with Nanotechnology......Page 234
14. Conclusion......Page 235
1. Introduction......Page 238
2. Phytoremediation: The Processes, Potentials and Limitations......Page 241
3. Commercial Viability of Phytoremediation Projects......Page 248
4. Rhizosphere Manipulations for Enhanced Bioavailability of the Toxic Substances......Page 249
5. Molecular Mechanisms of Uptake, Detoxification, Transport and Accumulation of Toxic Substances by Plants and Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Phytoremediation......Page 253
6. Conclusion......Page 264
2. Phytotechnologies......Page 274
3. Conclusion......Page 288
1. Introduction......Page 290
2. Plants as Bioindicators of Air Pollutants......Page 294
3. Phytoremediation and Urban Air Quality Management......Page 298
4. Phytoremediation and Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)......Page 300
5. Conclusion......Page 302
1. Introduction......Page 308
2. Phytotoxicity of Air Pollutants......Page 310
3. Absorption and Assimilation of Pollutants......Page 312
4. Phytofiltration of Particulate Matter......Page 314
5. Plant Tolerance to Ambient Pollutants......Page 316
6. Factors Controlling Plant Tolerance......Page 317
7. A Case Study......Page 319
8. Conclusion......Page 324
1. Introduction......Page 330
2. Plant Species Involved in Phytoremediation......Page 331
3. Phytoremediation: The Biophysical and Biochemical Mechanisms......Page 332
4. The Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT)......Page 335
5. Role of VGT in Environmental Management......Page 338
6. Stabilization and Rehabilitation of Mining Overburdens......Page 339
7. Rehabilitation of Waste Landfills: Leachate Retention and Purification......Page 341
8. Removal of Nutrients and Heavy Metals and Prevention of Eutrophication in Streams and Lakes by VGT......Page 342
9. Wastewater / Storm water Treatment by VGT in Constructed Wetlands......Page 343
10. Conclusion......Page 344
1. Introduction......Page 346
2. Role of Macrophytes in Nutrient Removal......Page 354
3. Conclusion......Page 363
1. Introduction......Page 367
2. Methods for Estimation of Nitrate Pollution......Page 368
3. Sources of Nitrate Pollution......Page 370
4. Landscape Physiology Affecting Nitrate Flux......Page 375
5. Role of Nitrifying and Denitrifying Microbes in Nitrate Pollution......Page 376
6. Nitrate Assimilation by Plants......Page 378
7. Biological Toxicity Due to Nitrate Pollution......Page 382
8. Problem Areas for Nitrate Pollution......Page 383
9. Management Options for Nitrate......Page 386
10. Conclusion......Page 392
1. Introduction......Page 404
2. Methods......Page 405
3. Results and Discussion......Page 408
4. Conclusion......Page 420
1. Introduction......Page 422
2. Natural Sources of PAHs in the Environment......Page 423
4. Biodegradation of PAHs......Page 424
5. Bioremediation Studies......Page 434
6. Diversity of PAHs Degrading Bacteria......Page 437
7. Diversity of PAHs Metabolic Genes......Page 439
8. Conclusion......Page 444
1. Introduction......Page 457
2. Environmental Fate of Textile Dyeing and Treatment Difficulties......Page 458
3. Overview of Biological Treatments......Page 460
4. Extracellular Oxidoreductases Useful in Pollution Abatement......Page 461
6. New Tendencies in Textile Wastewater Treatments......Page 467
7. Conclusion......Page 469
2. Fungal-based Remediation......Page 476
3. Conclusion......Page 486
1. Introduction......Page 491
2. The Physical System......Page 492
3. The Mathematical Model......Page 494
4. Numerical Solution Techniques......Page 498
5. Simulations......Page 507
6. Conclusion......Page 518
C......Page 522
F......Page 523
M......Page 524
P......Page 525
T......Page 526
V......Page 527

✦ Subjects

Экологические дисциплины;Экологическая токсикология;