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Entrepreneurship in Africa: Context and Perspectives

✍ Scribed by Ven Sriram, David Lingelbach, Tigineh Mersha, Franklyn Manu


Publisher
Routledge
Year
2020
Tongue
English
Leaves
243
Series
Global Entrepreneurship
Category
Library

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✦ Synopsis


It is now widely recognized that in regions like Africa, for economic and other reasons, the public sector has had to disengage and divest from many areas of the economy and allow private enterprise, especially scalable start-ups and new ventures, to enter and flourish if economic development and employment are to grow. There is, however, a training and education gap since entrepreneurship is rarely taught formally at African universities and, when it is, it is often approached from a Western perspective which may not be appropriate given that African environments are significantly different from most Western ones in terms of economic infrastructure and political considerations.

This book allows readers to understand the African entrepreneurial context by guiding them through the principal stages in the life of a new venture, and offers approaches, both Western and indigenous, that can inform their entrepreneurial actions. It concludes by examining some specialized topics, including female, youth, and social entrepreneurship, as well as real estate and technology. Exercises throughout the book will enable readers to evaluate their motivations and preparedness for entrepreneurship and learn how to communicate a new venture’s key features to potential stakeholders.

By focusing on the distinctive features of entrepreneurship in the African context, and taking a conversational tone, this is an informative and practical text that will be useful for students of Global Entrepreneurship and Business as well as actual and prospective entrepreneurs in the private, non-profit, and public sectors.

✦ Table of Contents


Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of contributors
About the authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
PART I: The basics
1. The African environment for entrepreneurship
A history of entrepreneurship in Africa
Scope and types of enterprises
The environment for African entrepreneurs
The political environment
The economic environment
Sociocultural environment
Legal and regulatory environment
Technological environment
Summary
Review questions
2. Theories of entrepreneurship
Why does theory matter?
The first attempts to study entrepreneurship
Defining entrepreneurship
What do we know about entrepreneurship?
The big picture
The big picture—part I—income levels
The big picture—part II—economic structure
The big picture—part III—institutions
The big picture—a coda—change
The mid–levels—industry
The day–to–day—part I—discovering and creating entrepreneurial opportunities
The day–to–day–part II—exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities
From the West to the East and South—entrepreneurship theories from emerging economies
What do we know about entrepreneurship in Africa?
What don’t we know about entrepreneurship?
Summing it all up
Review questions
PART II: Birth
3. Mindset, capabilities, and goals
Personality traits
What about creativity?
Entrepreneurial motivations
The role of passion
What skills are necessary?
An entrepreneurial mindset
Education and training
The role of gender
Do culture and the environment matter?
Summary
Review questions
PART III: Growth
4. Financing the venture
Sources of startup funding
Self-funding
Family members and friends
Debt financing
Equity financing
Grants
Microfinance
Angel investors
Crowdfunding
Venture capital
Kiva person-to-person lending
Innovative financing approaches in Africa
Informal financial systems
Financing business operations and growth
Managing the venture’s finances
Evaluating the venture’s financial health and performance
Profitability analysis
Summary
Review questions
Appendix to Chapter 4: an example of a chart of accounts for a small business
Assets
Liabilities
Owner’s equity (total assets minus total liabilities)
Income
Expenses
5. The marketing imperative
The marketing mix
Customer segments
Application exercises
Targeting and positioning
Entrepreneurial versus traditional marketing
Marketing in Africa
Summary
Review questions
6. Operations and supply chain management
Managing operations and supply chain management
Major decision areas in operations and supply chain management
Productivity measurement
Continuous improvement
Summary
Review questions
7. Managing networks and teams
Networks
The strength of weak ties
Strong and weak ties combined
Structural holes
Network density, diversity, and social frontiers
Social networks: Individual/environment interface
Entrepreneurial teams
Summary
Review questions
Appendices to Part III: Business plans and pitch decks
Business plan template
PART IV: Maturity
8. Next steps
Managing growth and expansion
Growth and expansion strategies
Entrepreneurial failure
Entrepreneurial exit
Environmental conditions in Africa that increase entrepreneurial exit propensity
Benefits of entrepreneurial exits
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and managing overconfidence
Summary
Review questions
PART V: Special topics on African entrepreneurship
9. African women entrepreneurs
Radioxity media
Introduction
Peculiarities of the African context
Motivations and opportunity recognition/risk perception
Funding
Personal savings
Family investment
Community initiatives
Loans
Challenges
Discrimination and gender bias/stereotypes
Illiteracy
Lack of/insufficient information about microfinancing options
Bureaucratic processes
Inadequate/poor infrastructure
Performance of female-owned enterprises in Africa
Opportunities
Growing use of internet and mobile phones
International opportunities
Growing campaign for locally made materials
Policy implications
Practical implications for women entrepreneurs in Africa
Conclusion
10. Entrepreneurial opportunities in real estate development
Introduction
Real estate development entrepreneurs
African international/national developers
Real estate investment trusts
Necessary conditions for REITs
Land markets in established cities
New towns avoiding stalemate
Developing in Abuja
Land acquisition
Joint ventures
Legal issues
Summary
11. Understanding entrepreneurs: A focus on youth
OYO Rooms
MnM clothing line
What makes a good entrepreneur?
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy
Achievement motivation/Need for achievement
Risk propensity
The big 5 personality traits
Creativity
Youth entrepreneurship
Contextualizing traits
Summary
12. Technologies enabling entrepreneurship in Africa
Introduction
The African context
Technologies impacting the entrepreneurship process
Emerging themes
Summary
Index


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