Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
List of contributors......Page 8
Jan Svartvik......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 14
Part 1: Goals and methods......Page 20
2.1 Historical background......Page 21
2.2 The corpus data explosion: biggermeans better?......Page 22
2.2.1 Why size is not all-important......Page 23
2.2.3 Arguments in favour of large corpora......Page 25
2.3 The processing of corpora: how humans and machinesinteract......Page 27
2.3.1 Self-organizing methodology......Page 30
2.4 Annotated corpora......Page 32
2.5 Where are we now, and where are we going?......Page 33
2.5.1 Basic corpus development......Page 34
2.5.2 Corpus tools development......Page 35
2.5.3 Development of corpus annotations......Page 36
Notes......Page 38
3. Corpus studies and probabilistic grammar......Page 43
Notes......Page 55
4.1 Introduction......Page 57
4.2 From intuition-based to observation-based grammar......Page 59
4.3 The question of language use......Page 61
4.4 Some examples......Page 65
4.5 Drawing the line between 'language use' and 'performance'......Page 68
4.6 Conclusion......Page 71
Notes......Page 72
Appendix to Chapter 4......Page 73
Part 2: Corpus design and development......Page 76
5.1 Background......Page 77
5.2 Comparability......Page 79
5.3 Sampling......Page 81
5.4 Organization......Page 85
5.5 Dissemination......Page 86
5.6 Examples......Page 88
Notes......Page 95
6.1 Background......Page 96
6.3 Size of corpus......Page 99
6.5 Text encoding......Page 100
6.6 Prosody......Page 101
6.8 Text categories......Page 102
6.9 Processing......Page 103
6.11 Prospects......Page 104
Part 3: Exploration of corpora......Page 106
7.1 Introduction......Page 108
7.2 Collocations with preceding word......Page 111
7.3 Collocations with following word......Page 115
7.4 Semantic functions of between and through in context......Page 117
8.1 'A mint of phrases' in Shakespeare......Page 124
8.2 Types of set expressions......Page 125
8.3 Collocations in a prose sample......Page 128
8.4 A driving analogy......Page 134
8.5 Collocations manipulated......Page 136
8.6 Collocations and the language learner......Page 137
8.7 Summary......Page 138
Notes......Page 139
9.1 Introduction......Page 141
9.2 Analysis......Page 142
9.3 Conclusion......Page 156
10.1 Introduction......Page 158
10.2 The modals of obligation and necessity......Page 159
10.3 The data......Page 162
10.4 Distribution of forms in AusE......Page 165
10.5 Comparison between AusE, BrE and AmE......Page 166
10.6 Results......Page 167
10.7 Conclusion......Page 177
Notes......Page 178
11.1 Introduction......Page 179
11.2 Defining apposition......Page 180
11.4 The syntactic structure of apposition......Page 181
11.6 The semantic relations existing between the appositives......Page 186
11.7 The semantic classes of apposition......Page 189
11.8 The information structure of apposition......Page 191
Notes......Page 194
12.1 Syntax and semantics......Page 195
12.2 Specification and futurity......Page 196
12.3 Subjects and intentionality......Page 199
12.4 Negation and the semantics of any......Page 202
12.5 Conclusion......Page 207
Notes......Page 208
13. On having a look in a corpus......Page 210
The corpus......Page 215
14.1 Introduction......Page 217
14.2 Potential and practice in the use of text corpora......Page 220
14.3.1 Texts......Page 224
14.3.2 Genres and text types......Page 226
14.3.3 Linguistic features and form/function associations......Page 228
14.3.4 Textual dimensions of linguistic variation......Page 231
14.4 Conclusion......Page 232
15.1 Background......Page 234
15.2 Principles of profiling......Page 238
15.3 Towards a stylistic profile?......Page 240
Notes......Page 251
16.2 Defining expletives......Page 252
16.3 Uses of expletives......Page 253
16.4 Inventory of forms......Page 254
16.5 Expletive force......Page 256
16.6 Position and function......Page 257
16.7 Expletives as separate turns......Page 259
16.8 Expletives as part of a turn......Page 261
16.8.1 Beginning the turn......Page 262
16.8.2 Within the turn......Page 263
16.8.3 Ending the turn......Page 264
16.9 Conclusion......Page 265
Notes......Page 266
17.1 Introduction......Page 267
17.2 Backchannels: function and form......Page 269
17.3 Previous work......Page 270
17.4 British and American backchannels compared......Page 272
Notes......Page 283
18.2 The corpus......Page 285
18.3 Object clause links......Page 286
18.4 Collecting evidence from the corpus......Page 288
18.5 That and zero in the Helsinki Corpus......Page 289
18.6 Concluding remarks......Page 300
Notes......Page 301
19.1 The problem......Page 303
19.2 The South-west......Page 304
19.3 Two sub-areas in the South-west: East and West Somerset......Page 305
19.4 Periphrastic do......Page 306
19.5 The primary data......Page 307
19.7 The advantage of a restricted sample......Page 309
19.8 No do in Devon?......Page 310
19.9 Marginal do: the problem of rare forms......Page 311
19.10 A methodological postscript......Page 312
Notes......Page 314
Part 4: Prospects for the future......Page 316
20.2 Quantity of text......Page 318
20.3 Variety of text......Page 319
20.5 Encoding guidelines......Page 321
20.6 Types of access......Page 322
20.8 Corpus work and computational linguistics......Page 324
20.9 Opportunities for research......Page 325
Notes......Page 326
Appendix: Some computerized English text corpora......Page 328
References......Page 332
Index......Page 349