Contents
Contents in detail
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 Emergencies
1.1 An overview of disasters and emergencies
1.1.1 Disasters and emergencies
1.1.2 Relief and development
1.2 The people in emergencies
1.2.1 Directly and indirectly affected people
1.2.2 Refugees and displaced people
1.2.3 Power relations and vulnerability
1.3 Humanitarian principles and standards
1.3.1 The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement β fundamental principles
1.3.2 Red Cross and Red Crescent/NGO Code of Conduct
1.3.3 InterActionβs PVO Standards
1.3.4 Humanitarian Accountability Project
1.3.5 The Sphere Project
1.3.6 The Geneva Conventions and Protocols
2 The humanitarian relief
systeme humanitarian relief system
2.1 Sources of relief
2.2 Government agencies and co-ordination
mechanisms
2.2.1 Co-ordination mechanisms
2.2.2 Donors
2.3 The United Nations system
2.4 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
2.5 NGOs (non-governmental organizations)
2.6 The private sector and research institutions
2.6.1 Private sector
2.6.2 Specialist institutions
2.7 Military organizations
3 Personal effectiveness
3.1 Who will be effective?
3.2 Personal planning
3.2.1 Before your assignment
3.2.2 During an assignment
3.2.3 After your assignment
3.3 Personal health care
3.4 Stress
3.5 Working with different cultures
3.5.1 Cultural awareness
3.5.2 Culture shock
3.5.3 Issues of conscience
3.6 Publicity and the media
4 Personal security
4.1 Situation awareness
4.2 Security strategies
4.2.1 Acceptance
4.2.2 Protection
4.2.3 Deterrence
4.3 Security procedures
4.3.1 Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
4.3.2 Contingencies
4.4 Self-management, teamwork and preparedness
4.4.1 Self-management
4.4.2 Teamwork
4.4.3 Preparation
5 Assessment and planning
5.1 Assessment
5.1.1 Needs and resources
5.1.2 The assessment process
5.1.3 Writing an assessment report
5.2 Planning in emergencies
5.2.1 Planning framework
5.2.2 Principles and guidelines
5.2.3 Planning bar charts
5.3 Techniques for the collection and analysis of information
5.3.1 Interviewing
5.3.2 Brainstorming
5.3.3 Direct observation
5.3.4 Participatory mapping
5.3.5 Ranking
5.3.6 Questionnaire surveys
5.3.7 Refugee profiles, context, activities and resources
6 Management
6.1 Management functions, styles and structures
6.1.1 Functions of management
6.1.2 Management styles
6.1.3 Management structures
6.1.4 Professionalism
6.2 Managing people
6.2.1 Self-management
6.2.2 Recruitment
6.2.3 Motivation
6.2.4 Working with a large labour force
6.2.5 Working with host and displaced communities
6.2.6 Working with colleagues
6.3 Working with contractors
6.4 Information and communication
6.4.1 Information and record keeping
6.4.2 Communication
6.4.3 Meetings
6.5 Negotiation and conflict resolution
6.5.1 Negotiation
6.5.2 Conflict resolution
6.6 Office practice
6.6.1 Filing system
6.6.2 Office procedures
6.7 Financial management
6.7.1 Budgeting
6.7.2 Budget codes
6.7.3 Monitoring
6.7.4 Regular accounting
6.7.5 Security of cash
6.8 Training
6.8.1 Organizing training
6.8.2 Training yourself
7 Logistics
7.1Overview of a logistics system
7.2 Procurement
7.2.1 Specifying
7.2.2 Ordering
7.2.3 Purchasing
7.3 Supply and transport
7.3.1 Freight
7.3.2 Transport
7.3.3 Specialist items
7.4 Documentation
7.4.1 Waybills and bills of lading
7.4.2 Customs: import and export documentation
7.5 Receiving, storing and issuing goods
7.5.1 Stores management
7.5.2 Storage of specialist items
7.5.3 Goods handling equipment
8 Telecommunications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Safety first
8.3 Frequency, wavelength and physical effects
8.4 Radio equipment selection
8.5 VHF (Very High Frequency) radio
8.6 HF (High Frequency) radio
8.7 Antennas
8.8 Satellite communications
8.9 Radio operation
8.10 Legal issues
9 Environmental health
9.1Priorities
9.1.1 The health of a disaster-affected population
9.1.2 Environmental health controls
9.1.3 Establishing an environmental health programme
9.1.4 Cholera control
9.2 Hygiene promotion
10 Environmental sanitation
10.1 Excreta disposal β assessment and planning
10.1.1 A strategy for action
10.1.2 Factors to consider
10.2 Excreta β immediate actions
10.2.1Control of indiscriminate defecation
10.2.2 Defecation fields
10.3 Medium-term measures for excreta disposal
10.3.1 General guidelines for latrines
10.3.2 Communal latrines
10.4 Pit latrines
10.4.1 Improvements to existing latrines
10.4.2 Borehole latrines
10.4.3 Simple pit latrines
10.4.4 Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines
10.5 Disposal of sullage and runoff
10.5.1 Sullage
10.5.2 Rainfall runoff
10.6 Refuse disposal
10.6.1 Sources and types of refuse
10.6.2 Refuse collection
10.6.3 Refuse disposal methods
10.6.4 Hospital wastes
10.7 Disposal of the dead
10.7.1 Cultural practices and needs
10.7.2 Burial
10.8 Insects and rodents
10.8.1 Insect control
10.8.2 Rodent control
11 Emergency water supply
11.1 Assessment
11.1.1 Assessment approach
11.1.2 Contamination of water sources
11.2 Immediate actions
11.3 Medium- to long-term actions
11.3.1 The medium term
11.3.2 The longer term
11.3.3 Levels of service and local water supplies
11.4 Water quantity and quality
11.4.1 How much water do people need?
11.4.2 Drinking water quality
11.5 Water tankering
11.5.1 Is tankering necessary and viable?
11.5.2 Organizing tankering
11.5.3 Water distribution with tankers
12 Water source development
12.1 Water source assessment
12.2 Surface water
12.2.1 Assessment of surface water sources
12.2.2 Abstraction from surface water sources
12.2.3 Small dams
12.2.4 Sand-storage and sub-surface dams
12.3 Groundwater
12.3.1 Groundwater basics
12.3.2 Springs
12.3.3 Wells: location and construction
12.3.4 Dug wells
12.3.5 Hand drilled and jetted wells
12.3.6 Machine drilled boreholes
12.4 Rainwater
12.4.1 Roof collection
12.4.2 Ground catchments
13 Water storage, treatment and distribution
13.1 Assessment and planning
13.1.1Planning strategy
13.1.2 Stages in a water supply system
13.1.3 Assessment of treatment and storage requirements
13.1.4 Operation of a water supply system
13.2 Water storage
13.2.1 Principal considerations
13.2.2 Rigid and flexible emergency tanks
13.2.3 Ground tanks
13.2.4 Water storage packs
13.2.5 Ferrocement water tanks
13.2.6 Improvised water towers
13.2.7 Domestic water storage
13.2.8 Tank repairs
13.2.9 Water tanks in freezing conditions
13.3 Water treatment
13.3.1 Pre-treatment
13.3.2 Filtration
13.3.3 Disinfection
13.3.4 Chemical dosing equipment
13.3.5 Packaged water treatment plant
13.3.6 Desalination
13.4 Water transmission and distribution
13.4.1 Pipes
13.4.2 Valves and tapstands
13.4.3 Pipeline design
14 Pumps
14.1 Pump types and applications
14.2 Pumping head, discharge and power
14.2.1 Pumping ratings, head and suction lift
14.2.2 Pump power and efficiency
14.2.3 Pump classification and characteristics
14.3 Centrifugal pumps
14.3.1 General
14.3.2 Surface mounted centrifugal pump
14.3.3 Electric submersible centrifugal pump
14.4 Positive displacement pumps
14.4.1 Helical rotor pumps
14.4.2 Installation and operation
14.5 Lifting water by hand
14.6 Selection and operation of pumps
14.6.1 General guidelines on pump installation and maintenance
14.6.2 Selecting and specifying pumps
15 Mechanical plant
15.1 Assessment and planning
15.1.1 Selection of equipment
15.1.2 Operation and maintenance
15.2 Internal combustion (IC) engines
15.2.1 Maintenance of internal combustion engines
15.2.2 Petrol engines
15.2.3 Diesel engines
15.3 Compressed air plant
15.3.1 Compressors
15.3.2 Compressed air plant for construction work
15.4 Grinding mills
15.5 Belt and shaft drives
16 Electrical plant
16.1 Simple electrical systems
16.1.1 A typical electrical installation
16.1.2 Safety
16.2 Some basic electrical principles
16.2.1 Electrical power generation
16.2.2 Cabling configurations
16.2.3 Electrical power and power factor
16.3 Generators
16.3.1 Basic types
16.3.2 Sizing and specifying generators
16.3.3 Installation of generators
16.3.4 Solar power
16.4 Cables
16.5 Electrical protection
16.5.1 Circuit protection
16.5.2 Protection of electrical enclosures
16.6 Induction motors
16.6.1 Sizing motors
16.6.2 Induction motor starters
16.6.3 Operating electric motor driven pumps
17 Vehicles
17.1 Vehicle selection and specification
17.1.1 Sources of vehicles
17.1.2 Vehicle selection
17.1.3 Vehicle specification
17.1.4 Trucks
17.1.5 Tyres
17.2 Vehicle management
17.2.1 Vehicle administration
17.2.2 Drivers
17.2.3 Safety and accident procedures
17.2.4 Fuel and lubricants
17.3 Vehicle workshops
17.3.1 Workshop requirements
17.3.2 Workshop staff
17.3.3 Spares and stores
17.3.4 Servicing and maintenance
17.4 Driving techniques and vehicle recovery
17.4.1 Driving techniques
17.4.2 Vehicle recovery
18 Roads, crossings and airstrips
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Planning improved access
18.1.2 Choice and design of road
18.2 Assessing existing roads and crossings
18.2.1 Inspection and inventory
18.2.2 Local capacity
18.2.3 Bridge assessment
18.3 Design and construction of unpaved roads
18.3.1 First considerations
18.3.2 Planning road construction
18.3.3 Route selection and clearance
18.3.4 Drainage and erosion control
18.3.5 Road building materials
18.3.6 Earthworks
18.4 Road repair and maintenance
18.5 Crossings
18.5.1 Choice of crossing
18.5.2 Culverts
18.5.3 Fords and drifts
18.5.4 Small emergency timber bridges
18.5.5 Prefabricated modular bridges
18.5.6 Floating bridges and causeways
18.5.7 Aerial ropeways
18.6 Airstrips
18.6.1 General
18.6.2 Temporary airstrip assessment and preparation
19 Shelter and built infrastructure
19.1 Shelter in emergencies
19.1.1 Shelter options
19.1.2 Blankets and clothing
19.1.3 Family shelter
19.2 Built infrastructure
19.2.1 Storage requirements
19.2.2 Types of storage facilities
19.2.3 Hospitals, health and feeding centres
19.3 Building construction
19.3.1 Materials
19.3.2 Concrete
19.3.3 Brick, block and mud walls
19.3.4 Mortar and plaster
19.3.5 Timber
19.3.6 Building details
19.4 Damage assessment and building survey
19.4.1 Damage assessment
19.4.2 Notes on materials
20 Temporary settlements
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Preparedness planning
20.1.2 Self-settlement
20.1.3 Moving people
20.2 Site selection
20.2.1 Selection process
20.2.2 Site selection criteria and weightings
20.2.3 Ranking sites
20.3 Temporary settlement planning
20.3.1 Key principles
20.3.2 The settlement planning process
20.3.3 Settlement layout and services
20.4 Settlement management
Appendices
1 Acronyms and abbreviations
2 Web sites
3 Sphere minimum standards
4 Situation report
5 Contract documentation
6 Water well construction contract guidelines
7 Employment contract and job description
8 Sanitary survey checklists
9 Discharge measurements and estimates
10 Aquifer properties and well hydraulics
11 Hand augers
12 Compressed air tool package for open well construction
13 Pipe and hose specifications
14 Pipe and hose fittings
15 Valves
16 Water flow in pipes β head loss data
17 Gabions and mattresses
18 Anchorages
19 Sheers and gyns
20 Soil classification, identification and testing
21 Temporary support of excavations
22 Beam calculations
23 Basic engineering surveying and setting out
24 Food and nutrition
25 Unit conversion tables
Bibliography
Index
Licence Agreement