Engineering Biomaterials for Neural Applications

✍ Scribed by Elizabeth Nance (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 354
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This contributed volume explores the ways in which researchers engineer new biomaterials for the challenging problems of the peripheral and central nervous systems. These biomaterials are uniquely positioned for use in creating in vitro models of injury and disease, testing therapeutic treatments, understanding neural development, and mapping the multi-scalar environment of the brain. This book informs readers from biology, chemistry, materials science, engineering, and neuroscience on cutting edge research in engineering technologies, from fundamental material development through pre-clinical studies. The book also highlights target applications in three areas of research: (1) engineering neural models and materials, (2) probing biological underpinnings of neurological function and disease, and (3) designing therapeutic and diagnostic treatments for neurological disease.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Part I: Engineering Neural Models and Materials
Chapter 1: Configurable Models of the Neurovascular Unit
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure of the NVU
1.1.1 Cell Types and Function
1.1.2 Extracellular Matrix Microenvironment
1.2 Importance of In Vitro Models
1.3 BBB Characterization
1.3.1 Expression of BBB Markers
1.3.2 Permeability Assays
1.3.3 Trans-endothelial Electrical Resistance
2 Key Factors Affecting NVU Models
2.1 Cells
2.2 Biochemical Cues
2.3 Substrate Mechanical Properties and Structure
2.4 Fluid Flow
3 Blood-Brain Barrier Model Fabrication Techniques
3.1 Electrospinning
3.2 Lithography
3.3 3D Printing
3.4 Other Fabrication Techniques for Creating BBB Models
4 Configurations
4.1 Static Systems
4.1.1 Cell Culture Inserts
4.1.2 Hydrogels as Substrates
4.2 Organ-on-a-Chip Systems
4.2.1 2D Microfluidic Systems
4.2.2 Systems Incorporating Hydrogel Structures
4.2.3 Dynamic Self-Assembled Models
4.3 Other
5 Future Directions: Bioelectronics
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Part II: Probing Biological Underpinnings of Neurological Function and Disease
Chapter 2: Nano-Based Probes for the Brain Extracellular Environment
1 Introduction
1.1 Microstructure of the Brain Extracellular Space
1.2 ECM Structure
1.3 Neurobiology of ECS Microstructure
2 Quantifying ECS Microstructural Remodeling
2.1 Diffusion
2.2 Rheology
2.3 Composition
3 Model Systems of the Brain Microenvironment
3.1 Engineered Models
3.2 Ex Vivo Models
3.3 In Vivo Models
4 Quantitative Imaging Techniques for Nanomaterial-Based Probing
4.1 Considerations for Design of Nanoparticle Probes
4.1.1 Size
4.1.2 Surface Charge
4.1.3 Surface Functionality
4.1.4 Shape
4.1.5 Additional Design Considerations for Nanoparticle Probes
4.2 Methods for Quantifying Diffusion in the Brain Microenvironment
4.2.1 Integrative Optical Imaging
4.2.2 Real-Time Iontophoresis
4.2.3 Particle Tracking
4.2.3.1 Single Particle Tracking
4.2.3.2 Multiple Particle Tracking
4.2.3.3 Comparison of Particle Tracking Methods
5 Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
6 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 3: Engineered Materials for Probing and Perturbing Brain Chemistry
1 Introduction
2 Basics of Chemical Neurotransmission
3  Engineered Materials for Probing Neurochemistry
3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
3.2 Fluorescent False Neurotransmitters and FM Dyes
3.2.1 FM Dyes
3.3 pH-Sensitive Probes
3.3.1 Protein-Based
3.3.2 Intensity-Based
3.3.3 Ratiometric
3.3.4 Synthetic Small-Molecule pH-Sensitive Dyes
3.4 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
3.5 Molecular MRI Probes
3.5.1 Functional MRI
3.6 Ultrasound Probes and Imaging Modes
3.6.1 Ultrasound Imaging Modes
3.6.1.1 B-mode Imaging
3.6.1.2 Doppler Imaging
3.6.1.3 Contrast Imaging
3.6.1.4 Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging
3.6.1.5 Functional Ultrasound Imaging
3.6.2 Ultrasound Localization Microscopy
3.6.3 Imaging with Functional Ultrasound
3.6.4 Biomolecular Ultrasound
3.6.5 Ultrasonic Neuromodulation
3.6.6 Sonogenetics
3.6.7 Acoustically Targeted Pharmacology and Chemogenetics
3.6.8 Ultrasound Hybrid Applications
3.7 Photoacoustics and Imaging Modes
3.7.1 Photoacoustic Tomography
3.7.2 Photoacoustic Microscopy
3.7.3 Photoacoustic Imaging
3.7.4 Selected Applications
3.8 Magnetic Nanoparticles
3.8.1 Magnetogenetics
3.8.2 Inductive Methods
3.8.2.1 Magnetism in Nanoparticles
3.8.2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials
3.8.2.3 Magnetomechanical
3.8.2.4 Magnetothermal
3.8.2.5 Magnetoelectric
3.9 Sampling via Microdialysis
3.10 Electrochemical Probes
3.11 Field-Effect Transistor-Based Probes
4 Upconversion Nanoparticles for Perturbing Neurochemistry
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Microfluidic Devices for Analysis of Neuronal Development
1 Introduction
2 Limitations of Conventional Neuronal Culturing Methods
3 μFDs for Neuroscience
3.1 Characteristics of μFDs for Neuroscience
3.2 μFD Use in Neuroscience
4 Materials for μFDs
4.1 Early μFDs
4.2 Glass μFDs
4.3 PDMS μFDs
4.4 Additional Materials
4.5 Evaluation of Fabrication Methods
4.5.1 Glass and Silicon
4.5.2 PDMS
4.5.3 Injection Molding
4.5.4 Stereolithography and Other Methods
5 Additional Uses of μFDs for Studying Neuronal Development
6 Conclusions
References
Part III: Designing Therapeutic and Diagnostic Interventions for Neurological Disease
Chapter 5: Bioresponsive Nanomaterials for CNS Disease
1 Introduction
2 BBB Targeting Strategies
3 pH
3.1 pH in CNS Pathology
3.2 pH-Responsive Technologies
3.2.1 Nanomaterials Responsive to Extracellular pH
3.2.2 Nanomaterials Responsive to Intracellular pH
4 Redox
4.1 Redox in CNS Pathology
4.2 Redox-Responsive Technologies
4.2.1 ROS Scavenging
4.2.2 Redox-Mediated Nanomaterial Degradation
5 Proteases
5.1 Proteases in CNS Pathology
5.2 Protease-Responsive Technologies
5.2.1 Activation of Targeting
5.2.2 Protease-Mediated Nanomaterial Aggregation
5.2.3 Release or Activation of Cargo
5.2.4 Activity-Based Nanosensors as Diagnostics
6 Other Cues
6.1 Electrical Impulses
6.2 Hypoxia
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Polymer-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 Genome-Editing Therapeutics for CNS Disease
1 Introduction
2 Modes of CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery
3 Polymers for Delivery of CRISPR-Cas9
3.1 Polymers for Delivery of Plasmid-Based CRISPR-Cas9
3.1.1 PEI
3.1.2 PAMAM Dendrimers
3.1.3 PBAEs
3.1.4 Chitosan
3.1.5 Specialized Polymers
3.2 Polymers for Delivery of mRNA-Based CRISPR-Cas9
3.3 Polymers for Delivery of Protein-Based CRISPR-Cas9
3.3.1 PEI
3.3.2 Dendrimers
3.3.3 PBAE, Chitosan, and Cyclodextrin
3.3.4 Specialized Polymers
4 Polymer-Based CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery to the Brain
5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 7: Multifunctional Polymeric Nanocarriers for Targeted Brain Delivery
1 Introduction
1.1 Drug Delivery to the Brain
1.2 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke
1.3 Current FDA-Approved Treatments and Limitations
1.3.1 Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
1.3.2 Mechanical Thrombectomy
2 Advantages and Potential Challenges of Nano-drug Delivery
3 Approaches of Crossing BBB
3.1 Methods to Physically Increase BBB Permeability
3.1.1 Focused Ultrasound (FUS)
3.1.2 Near-Infrared Femtosecond-Pulsed Laser Irradiation
3.2 Chemically Opening BBB Approaches
3.3 Transcytosis
3.3.1 Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis (RMT)
3.3.2 Carrier-Mediated Transcytosis (CMT)
3.3.3 Adsorptive-Mediated Transcytosis (AMT)
4 Current Polymeric Nanocarrier Fabrication Method
4.1 Emulsion Evaporation
4.2 Nanoprecipitation
4.3 Emulsion Diffusion
4.4 Salting Out
4.5 Dialysis
5 Targeted and Triggered Polymeric Nano-Drug Delivery
5.1 (Bio)chemical Strategies to Functionalize Nanocarriers
5.1.1 Biotin-(Strept)avidin Interaction
5.1.2 Covalent Carbodiimide Conjugation Strategies
5.1.2.1 EDC/Sulfo-NHS
5.1.2.2 DCC
5.2 Smart/Responsive Polymeric Nanocarrier
5.2.1 pH-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarrier
5.2.2 Redox-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarrier
5.2.3 Hypoxia-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarrier
5.2.4 Enzyme-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarrier
6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Theranostic Nanomaterials for Brain Injury
1 Introduction
2 Injury Pathology
2.1 Traumatic Brain Injury
2.2 Ischemic Stroke
3 Previous and Present Therapeutics
3.1 Traumatic Brain Injury
3.2 Ischemic Stroke
4 Brain Drug Delivery
4.1 Blood-Brain Barrier
4.1.1 Typical Function
4.1.2 Pathological Function
4.1.3 Crossing the BBB
4.1.3.1 Passive Transport
4.1.3.2 Active Transport
4.1.4 Altering or Circumventing the BBB
4.2 NP Delivery to the Brain Following TBI and IS
4.2.1 Property Effects
5 NPs for Acute Brain Injury
5.1 Excitotoxicity
5.2 Oxidative Stress
5.3 Caspase 3 and Apoptosis
5.4 Erythropoietin Derivatives
5.5 Inflammation
5.6 SUR1-TRPM4
5.7 Neurotrophic Factors
5.8 Mitochondrial Damage
5.9 Receptors as Therapeutic Targets
5.10 siRNA Therapeutics
6 Future Directions
References
Index