Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling (Green Energy and Technology)

✍ Scribed by Yaşar Demirel

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 664
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This revised and updated 3^rd edition of the book allows readers to develop a practical understanding of the major aspects of energy. It also includes two new chapters addressing renewable energy, and energy management and economics.

The book begins by introducing basic definitions, and then moves on to discuss the primary and secondary energy types, internal energy and enthalpy, and energy balance, heat of reaction and heat transfer. Each chapter features fully solved example problems and practice problems to support learning and the application of the topics discussed, including:

• energy production and conversion;
• energy conservation;
• energy storage;
• energy coupling;
• sustainability in energy systems;
• renewable energy; and
• energy management and economics.

Written for students across a range of engineering and science disciplines, the book provides a comprehensive study guide. It is particularly suitable for courses in energy technology, sustainable energy technologies and energy conversion & management, and offers an ideal reference text for students, engineers, energy researchers and industry professionals.

A updated solutions manual to this textbook's problems ais available to course instructors on request from the author and online on www.springer.com.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Symbols
1 Introduction: Basic Definitions
1.1 System
1.2 Property and Variables
1.3 Dimensions and Units
1.4 Measures of Amounts and Fractions
1.5 Force
1.6 Temperature
1.7 Pressure
1.8 Volume
1.9 Energy
1.10 Work
1.11 Power
1.12 Heat Capacity
1.13 Heat
1.14 Internal Energy
1.15 Enthalpy
1.16 Entropy
1.17 State
1.17.1 Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States
1.17.2 Partial Pressure and Saturation Pressure
1.18 Steam Tables
1.19 Process
Summary
References
2 Energy Sources
2.1 Energy Sources
2.1.1 Primary Energy Sources
2.1.2 Secondary Energy Sources
2.2 Nonrenewable Energy Sources
2.2.1 Coal
2.2.2 Petroleum Fractions
2.2.3 Natural Gas
2.2.4 Nuclear Energy
2.3 Heating Value of Fuels
2.3.1 Energy Density
2.4 Renewable Energy Resources
2.4.1 Hydroenergy
2.4.2 Solar Energy
2.4.3 Biomass and Bioenergy
2.4.4 Carbon Cycle
2.4.5 Gross Heating Values of Biomass Fuels
2.4.6 Biofuels
2.4.7 Wind Energy
2.4.8 Geothermal Energy
2.4.9 Ocean Energy
2.5 Thermal Energy
2.6 Hydrogen
2.7 Electric Energy
2.8 Magnetic Energy
2.9 Chemical Energy
2.10 Mass Energy
References
3 Mechanical Energy and Electrical Energy
3.1 Mechanical Energy
3.2 Kinetic Energy
3.3 Potential Energy
3.4 Pressure Energy
3.4.1 Pressure Head
3.5 Surface Energy
3.6 Sound Energy
3.7 Electric Energy
3.7.1 Electric Potential Energy
3.7.2 Estimation of Electrical Energy
3.7.3 Electric Power
3.7.4 Capacitance
3.8 Electromagnetic Energy
3.8.1 Magnetic Force
3.9 Various Forms of Work
3.9.1 Mechanical Work
3.9.2 Boundary Work
3.9.3 Fluid Flow Work
3.9.4 Isentropic Process Work
3.9.5 Polytropic Process Work
3.9.6 Shaft Work
3.9.7 Spring Work
3.9.8 Stirrer Work
3.9.9 Acceleration Work
3.9.10 Gravitational Work
3.9.11 Electrical Work
3.10 Other Forms of Work
References
4 Internal Energy and Enthalpy
4.1 Internal Energy
4.2 Enthalpy
4.3 Heat
4.3.1 Sensible Heat
4.3.2 Latent Heat
4.3.3 Heating with Phase Change
4.3.4 Heat of Reaction
4.3.5 Standard Heat of Combustion
4.4 Effect of Temperature on the Heat of Reaction
4.5 Standard Enthalpy Changes
4.6 Adiabatic Flame Temperature
4.7 Air Pollution from Combustion Processes
4.8 Heat of Mixing
4.9 Heat Measurements by Calorimeter
4.10 Psychrometric Diagram
4.11 Heat Transfer
4.11.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
4.11.2 Convection Heat Transfer
4.11.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
4.12 Exergy
References
5 Energy Balances
5.1 Balance Equations
5.2 Mass Balance
5.3 Energy Balance
5.3.1 Unsteady-State Flow Systems
5.3.2 Steady-State Flow Systems
5.4 Exergy Balance
5.5 Fluid-Flow Processes
5.5.1 Turbines, Compressors, and Pumps
5.5.2 Nozzles and Diffusers
5.5.3 Mixing Chambers
5.5.4 Throttling Valve
5.5.5 Heat Exchangers
5.5.6 Pipe and Duct Flows
5.6 Energy Balance in a Cyclic Process
References
6 Energy Production
6.1 Energy Production
6.1.1 Electric Power Production
6.1.2 Distributed Energy Productions
6.2 Transmission of Energy
6.3 Power-Producing Engine Cycles
6.3.1 Carnot Cycle
6.3.2 Rankine Cycle
6.3.3 Analysis of Ideal Rankine Cycle
6.3.4 Brayton Cycle
6.3.5 Stirling Engine
6.3.6 Combined Cycles
6.4 Improving the Power Production in Steam Power Plants
6.4.1 Modification of Operating Conditions of Condensers and Boilers
6.4.2 Reheating the Steam
6.4.3 Regeneration
6.4.4 Reheat-Regenerative Rankine Cycle
6.5 Geothermal Power Plants
6.6 Cogeneration
6.7 Chemical-Looping Combustion Combined Cycle
6.8 Nuclear Power Plants
6.9 Hydropower Plants
6.10 Wind Power Plants
6.11 Solar Power Plants
6.12 Fuel Cells
6.12.1 Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells
6.12.2 Microbial Fuel Cell
6.13 Bioenergy Production
6.14 Other Energy Production Opportunities
References
7 Energy Conversion
7.1 Energy Conversion
7.2 Series of Energy Conversions
7.3 Conversion of Chemical Energy of Fuel to Heat
7.3.1 Heating Value of Fuels
7.4 Thermal Efficiency of Energy Conversions
7.5 Ideal Fluid-Flow Energy Conversions
7.6 Lost Work
7.7 Efficiency of Mechanical Energy Conversions
7.8 Conversion of Thermal Energy by Heat Engines
7.8.1 Air-Standard Assumptions
7.8.2 Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases
7.8.3 Conversion of Mechanical Energy by Electric Generator
7.8.4 Carnot Engine Efficiency
7.8.5 Endoreversible Heat Engine Efficiency
7.8.6 Rankine Engine Efficiency
7.8.7 Brayton Engine Efficiency
7.8.8 Otto Engine Efficiency
7.8.9 Diesel Engine Efficiency
7.8.10 Ericsson and Stirling Engine Efficiency
7.8.11 Atkinson Engine Efficiency
7.9 Improving the Efficiency of Heat Engines
7.10 Hydroelectricity
7.11 Wind Electricity
7.12 Geothermal Electricity
7.13 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
7.14 Thermoelectric Effect
7.15 Efficiency of Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
7.15.1 Heat Pumps
7.15.2 Refrigerators
7.16 Efficiency of Fuel Cells
7.17 Energy Conversions in Biological Systems
7.17.1 Energy Conversion by Oxidative Phosphorylation
7.17.2 Energy from Photosynthesis
7.17.3 Metabolism
7.17.4 Biological Fuels
7.17.5 Converting Biomass to Biofuels
References
8 Energy Storage
8.1 Energy Storage
8.1.1 Ecological Regulation by Water
8.1.2 Hydrogen
8.2 Types of Energy Storage
8.3 Thermal Energy Storage
8.3.1 Solar Energy Storage
8.3.2 Sensible Heat Storage
8.3.3 Latent Heat Storage by Phase-Changing Material
8.3.4 Ice Storage
8.3.5 Molten Salt Technology
8.3.6 Seasonal Thermal Energy Storage
8.3.7 Seasonal Solar Thermal Energy Storage for Greenhouse Heating
8.3.8 Underground Thermal Energy Storage Systems
8.3.9 Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage
8.3.10 Borehole Thermal Energy Systems
8.4 Electric Energy Storage
8.4.1 Hydroelectric Energy Storage
8.4.2 Electric Energy Storage in Battery
8.4.3 Rechargeable Battery for Electric Car
8.5 Chemical Energy Storage
8.5.1 Bioenergy Sources
8.5.2 Energy Storage in Biofuels
8.5.3 Energy Storage in Voltaic Cell
8.6 Mechanical Energy Storage
8.6.1 Compressed Air Energy Storage
8.6.2 Flywheel Energy Storage
8.6.3 Hydraulic Accumulator
8.6.4 Springs
References
9 Energy Conservation
9.1 Energy Conservation and Recovery
9.2 Conservation of Energy in Industrial Processes
9.2.1 Energy Conservation in Power Production
9.2.2 Conservation of Energy by Process Improvements
9.2.3 Energy Conservation in Compression and Expansion Work
9.2.4 Conservation of Energy by High-Efficiency Electric Motors
9.3 Energy Conservation in Home Heating and Cooling
9.3.1 Home Heating by Fossil Fuels
9.3.2 Home Heating by Electric Resistance
9.3.3 Home Heating by Solar Systems
9.4 Energy Efficiency Standards
9.4.1 Efficiency of Air Conditioner
9.4.2 High Efficiency for Cooling
9.4.3 Fuel Efficiency
9.4.4 Fuel Efficiency of Vehicles
9.4.5 Energy Conservation in Driving
9.4.6 Regenerative Braking
9.4.7 Energy Conservation in Lighting
9.5 Energy Conservation in Electricity Distribution and Smart Grid
9.5.1 Standby Power
9.6 Energy Harvesting
9.7 Energy Conservation and Exergy
9.8 Energy Recovery on Utilities Using Pinch Analysis
9.8.1 Composite Curves
References
10 Energy Coupling
10.1 Energy Coupling and Gibbs Free Energy
10.2 Energy Coupling in Living Systems
10.3 Bioenergetics
10.3.1 Mitochondria
10.3.2 Electron Transport Chain and Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Synthesis
10.3.3 Active Transport
10.4 Simple Analysis of Energy Coupling
10.5 Variation of Energy Coupling
10.5.1 Regulation of Energy Coupling
10.5.2 Uncoupling
10.5.3 Slippages and Leaks
10.6 Metabolism
10.6.1 Catabolism
10.6.2 Anabolism
10.7 Bioenergy Sources
References
11 Sustainability in Energy Technologies
11.1 Sustainability
11.1.1 Natural Earth Cycles
11.1.2 Ozone Formation and Destruction
11.1.3 Greenhouse Gases
11.1.4 Greenhouse Effects
11.1.5 Tackling Global Warming
11.1.6 Why the Sustainability Matters?
11.1.7 United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals
11.1.8 Sustainability and Energy
11.1.9 Sustainability and Ecology
11.2 Sustainability Metrics
11.3 Sustainability Index
11.4 Sustainability Impact Indicators
11.4.1 Resource Depletion
11.4.2 Environmental Burden
11.4.3 Economics
11.4.4 Society
11.5 Sustainability in Energy Systems
11.5.1 Sustainable Energy Systems Design
11.5.2 Sustainable Engineering Principles in Energy Systems
11.5.3 Thermodynamic Analysis in Design of Energy Systems
11.5.4 Case Studies
11.6 Multicriteria Decision Matrix for Feasibility Analysis
11.7 Life Cycle Analysis
11.7.1 Life Cycle Assessment Principles
11.7.2 Benefits of International Organization for Standardization
11.7.3 Life Cycle Analysis Stages
11.7.4 Life Cycle Assessment
11.7.5 Life Cycle Analysis Impact Categories
11.8 Life Cycle Analysis of Energy Systems
11.9 Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA)
11.10 Environment and Exergy
11.10.1 Resource Depletion and Exergy
11.10.2 Extended Exergy Analysis
11.11 Ecological Planning
11.12 Chemical-Looping Combustion for Sustainability
11.12.1 Decarbonization Technology
11.13 Nuclear Power Plants
11.14 Projections on Energy and Environmental Protection
References
12 Renewable Energy
12.1 Renewable Energy
12.1.1 Solar Energy
12.1.2 Wind Energy
12.1.3 Hydropower
12.1.4 Geothermal Energy
12.1.5 Ocean Energy
12.2 Bioenergy
12.2.1 Biomass Resources
12.2.2 Energy from Solid Waste
12.3 Biofuels
12.3.1 Biorefinery Systems
12.3.2 Ethanol Production
12.3.3 Biodiesel
12.3.4 Biodiesel from Algae
12.3.5 Green Diesel
12.3.6 Biogas and Renewable Natural Gas
12.3.7 Bio Synthesis Gas
12.3.8 Biooil
12.3.9 Butanol
12.3.10 Methanol
12.3.11 Dimethyl Ether
12.4 Hydrogen Production
12.5 Renewable Fuel Standards
12.6 Renewable Energy and Ecology
12.7 Impact of Biofuels on Sustainability
12.8 Energy Management
12.8.1 Electrification
12.8.2 Power Flexibility
12.8.3 Chemical Storage of Renewable Energy
12.9 Global Socio-Economic Impact of Renewable Energy
12.9.1 Welfare
12.9.2 Transformative Decarbonization
References
13 Energy Management and Economics
13.1 Energy Management and Economics
13.2 Energy Production and Consumption
13.2.1 Nonrenewable Power Production
13.2.2 Gas Utilities in Energy Sector
13.2.3 Gas Resource Planning
13.2.4 Grid Resilience
13.2.5 Coal-Fired Power Plants
13.2.6 Renewable Energy Production
13.2.7 Optimum Energy Production
13.2.8 Distributed Operation and Centralized Operation
13.3 Source Conservation
13.3.1 Some Barriers to Energy Conserving
13.4 Energy Usage
13.5 Implications of Energy Production and Usage
13.5.1 Food–Energy and Water Nexus
13.5.2 Energy Assessment
13.5.3 Environmental Impact
13.6 Energy Policy
13.6.1 Global Energy Scenario
13.7 Energy Economics
13.7.1 Renewable Energy Cost
13.7.2 Techno Economic Analysis
13.7.3 Levelized Cost of Electricity
13.7.4 Economic Assessment of Biofuels
13.7.5 Cost Trends in Renewable Energy
13.7.6 Bio Break Model
13.7.7 Thermoeconomics
13.7.8 Wind Power-Based Hydrogen Production
13.7.9 Energy Storage
13.7.10 Algae-Based Energy Economy
13.7.11 Optimum Cost of Algae Biomass
13.7.12 Risk Assessment for Renewable Energy
13.7.13 Energy Efficiency
13.7.14 Comparison of Energy-Efficiency Standards
13.7.15 Rebound Effect and Energy Efficiency
13.7.16 Energy Return on Investment (EROI)
13.7.17 Circular Economy
13.7.18 Circular Economy and Sustainability
13.8 Bioeconomy
13.8.1 Bioeconomy and Circular Economy
13.8.2 Agricultural Economic Models
13.9 Hydrogen Economy
13.9.1 Hydrogen Storage
13.10 Methanol Economy
13.10.1 Methanol and Environment
13.10.2 Methanol Economy Versus Hydrogen Economy
13.11 Electricity Storage in Chemicals
13.12 Ecological Cost
13.12.1 Resource Depletion
13.12.2 Cost of Pollution Control
13.12.3 Index of Ecological Cost
13.13 Sustainability in Energy Systems
13.14 Process Intensification and Energy Systems
13.14.1 Efficiency Optimization of Solar Concentrators
13.14.2 Heat Integration in a Sustainable Refinery Operation
References
Appendix A Physical and Critical Properties
Appendix B Heat Capacities
Appendix C Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation
Appendix D Ideal Gas Properties of Some Common Gases
Appendix E Thermochemical Properties
Index