Energy: Crises, Challenges and Solutions

✍ Scribed by Pardeep Singh, Suruchi Singh, Gaurav Kumar, Pooja Baweja

• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 349
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Energy

Global energy demand has more than doubled since 1970. The use of energy is strongly related to almost every conceivable aspect of development: wealth, health, nutrition, water, infrastructure, education and even life expectancy itself are strongly and significantly related to the consumption of energy per capita. Many development indicators are strongly related to per-capita energy consumption. Fossil fuel is the most conventional source of energy but also increases greenhouse gas emissions. The economic development of many countries has come at the cost of the environment. However, it should not be presumed that a reconciliation of the two is not possible.

The nexus concept is the interconnection between the resource energy, water, food, land, and climate. Such interconnections enable us to address trade-offs and seek synergies among them. Energy, water, food, land, and climate are essential resources of our natural environment and support our quality of life. Competition between these resources is increasing globally and is exacerbated by climate change. Improving resilience and securing resource availability would require improving resource efficiency. Many policies and programs are announced nationally and internationally for replacing the conventional mode and also emphasizing on conservation of fossil fuels and reuse of exhausted energy, so a gap in implications and outcomes can be broadly traced by comparing the data.

This book aims to highlight problems and solutions related to conventional energy utilization, formation, and multitudes of ecological impacts and tools for the conservation of fossil fuels. The book also discusses modern energy services as one of the sustainable development goals and how the pressure on resource energy disturbs the natural flows. The recent advances in alternative energy sources and their possible future growth are discussed and on how conventional energy leads to greenhouse gas formation, which reduces energy use efficiency. The different policies and models operating is also addressed, and the gaps that remained between them. Climate change poses a challenge for renewable energy, and thus it is essential to identify the factors that would reduce the possibility of relying on sustainable energy sources.

This book will be of interest to researchers and stakeholders, students, industries, NGOs, and governmental agencies directly or indirectly associated with energy research.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy Crisis
1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development
1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis
1.5 Climate Change
1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change
1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming
1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change
1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal
1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy
1.6.3 Hydrogen
1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand
1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC)
1.9 Conclusion
1.10 Future Considerations
References
Chapter 2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy
2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy
2.3.1 Solar Energy
2.3.2 Wind Energy
2.3.3 Hydropower
2.3.4 Geothermal Energy
2.3.5 Bioenergy
2.3.6 Ocean Energy
2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen
2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources
2.5 Challenges
2.5.1 Efficiency
2.5.2 Large-Scale Production
2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production
2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy
3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power)
3.2.2 Hydropower
3.2.3 Wind Energy
3.2.4 Geothermal Energy
3.2.5 Biomass Energy
3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel
3.3 Environmental Impacts
3.4 Future Prospects
3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century – A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development
4.3 Environmental Issues – A Corollary of Economic Development
4.4 Air Quality – Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars
4.5 Carbon Footprints – Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth
4.6 Sustainable Development
4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
4.6.2 Paris Accord
4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission
4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission
4.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Energy and Economic Development
5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy
5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption
5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations
5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand
5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations
5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations
5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations
5.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector
6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil
6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil
6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009
6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006)
6.4 Market Structure
6.4.1 Government Players
6.4.2 Private and Public Players
6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil
6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil
6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013)
6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development
6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences
6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways
6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility
6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways
6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience
6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct
6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS
6.11 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy
7.2.1 Solar Energy
7.2.2 Wind Energy
7.2.3 Hydropower
7.2.4 Geothermal Energy
7.2.5 Biomass
7.2.6 Tidal Energy
7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources
7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy
7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society
7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals
7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy
7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives
7.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy
8.2.1 Hydro Energy
8.2.2 Wind Energy
8.2.3 Geothermal Energy
8.2.4 Solar Energy
8.2.5 Ocean Energy
8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources
8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources
8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy
8.6 Alternative Energy Resources
8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi
8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS)
8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology
8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel
8.6.5 Fuel Cell
8.6.6 Radiant Energy
8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy
8.7.1 Social Barriers
8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues
8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability
8.7.4 Material Requirement
8.8 Conclusion
References
Suggested Readings
Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Energy Sector of India
9.2.1 Energy Reserves
9.2.2 Production of Energy
9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity
9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission
9.3 India’s Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources
9.3.1 Solar Energy
9.3.2 Wind Energy
9.3.3 Hydropower
9.3.4 Biomass Energy
9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives
9.4.1 India’s Electricity Act
9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005
9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008
9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord
9.4.5 India’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India
9.5.1 Coal Tax
9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels
9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme
9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance
10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex
10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change
10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime
10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector
10.6 Conclusion
References
Websites
Chapter 11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi
11.1 Introduction
11.2 History of Bioluminescence
11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms
11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules
11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi
11.5.1 Diversity
11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi
11.5.3 Significance
11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence
11.6.1 Glowing Tree
11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity
11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging
11.6.4 Animal Model Study
11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB
12.2.2 Detoxification
12.2.3 Hydrolysis
12.2.4 Fermentation
12.2.5 Product Recovery
12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides
12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols
12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes
12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules
12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels
12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels
12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels
12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons
12.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics
13.3 Brief History of Biofuels
13.4 Classification of Biofuels
13.4.1 First Generation (1G)
13.4.2 Second Generation (2G)
13.4.3 Third Generation (3G)
13.4.4 Fourth Generation (4G)
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells, an Opportunity for Energy Sources: Current Perspective and Future Challenges
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Introduction of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
14.2.1 FCs
14.2.2 Electrode of MFCs
14.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane
14.2.4 Microorganisms and Their Electron Transfer Mechanism
14.3 Factor Affecting the MFCs’ Performance
14.3.1 Configuration of Reactor
14.3.2 Buffer
14.3.3 Substrate
14.3.4 Electrolyte Resistance
14.4 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells
14.4.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
14.4.2 Candida melibiosica
14.4.3 Hansenula anomala
14.5 Other Fungi Used as a Biocatalyst in Microbial Fuel Cells
14.6 Batteries Design with the Use of Fungal Electrode
14.6.1 Batteries Design
14.6.2 Structure and Composition of Lithium-Based Batteries
14.6.3 Lithium–Sulphur (Li-S) Batteries
14.6.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
14.6.5 Lithium-Air Batteries
14.6.6 Role of Fungi in Batteries Design
14.7 Application of MFCs
14.7.1 Bioelectricity Production
14.7.2 Biohydrogen Production
14.7.3 Biosensor
14.7.4 Wastewater Treatment
14.7.5 Bioremediation
14.7.6 Dye Decolorization
14.8 Challenges and Future Prospective
14.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 15 Current Perspective of Sustainable Utilization of Agro Waste and Biotransformation of Energy in Mushroom
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Sustainable utilization of Agro waste Through Mushroom Cultivation Technology
15.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.3.1 Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.3.2 Cellulose
15.3.3 Hemicelluloses
15.3.4 Lignin
15.4 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.4.1 Biotechnological Importance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
15.4.2 Applications of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5 Biotransformation of the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) Into Energy
15.5.1 Biohydrogen Production from SMS
15.5.2 Biogas Production from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.3 Bioethanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.4 Biobutanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
15.5.5 Bio-Coke
15.5.6 Electricity Generation Using Mushroom Technology
15.5.7 Solar Steam Generation Device
15.6 Challenges
15.7 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA