Acknowledgments
Contents
Editor and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Aim of This Book
1.2 Main Contents of This Book
1.3 Significance and Contributions of the Book
References
Part I Employment, Retirement, and Income Inequality of the Elderly in China
2 Health and Employment of the Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults in China
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Methodology and Data
2.3.1 Model
2.3.2 Data and Variables
2.4 Results
2.4.1 Baseline Results
2.4.2 Results by Gender
2.4.3 Results by Different Age Groups
2.4.4 Robustness Checks Using Different Analyzed Samples
2.5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
3 Work Skills Gap and the Wage Differentials Between the Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Workers in China
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.2.1 General Economic Theories That Explain the Influence of Task-Specific Skills on Wage Gap Between Different Age Groups
3.2.2 Empirical Studies of Task Types and Their Influence on Wage and Employment
3.3 Methodology and Data
3.3.1 Models
3.3.2 Data
3.3.3 Variables
3.4 Descriptive Statistics Results
3.4.1 Task Skill Gap for Different Age Groups
3.4.2 Wage Gap for Different Age Groups
3.5 Econometric Analysis Results
3.5.1 Wage Gap for Different Age Groups and the Impact of Task on Wage
3.5.2 Differences of the Influence of Task on Wage for Different Age Groups
3.5.3 How Does the Work Skill Gap Affect the Wage Gap Between Different Age Groups?
3.6 Conclusions
Appendix
References
4 The Impact of Social Insurance Contributions on Chinese Firmsâ Employment and Wages
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Theoretical Framework and Literature Review
4.2.1 The Theoretical Framework for the Influence of Social Insurance Contributions on Wages and Employment
4.2.2 Empirical Studies
4.2.3 Four Special Features of the Chinese Labor Market
4.3 Methodology and Data
4.3.1 Model
4.3.2 Data
4.3.3 Variables
4.4 Results
4.4.1 The Impact of Social Insurance on Wage and Employment
4.4.2 Estimations by Various Groups
4.5 Conclusions
Appendix A
Appendix B: CE Variable Setting
References
5 Pension Benefit Inequality of the Elderly in China
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Method and Data
5.2.1 The Decomposition of the Gini by Income Sources
5.2.2 Theil Index and Decomposition
5.2.3 Inequality Decomposition Based on Regression
5.2.4 Data
5.3 Basic Facts about Pension Income Inequality among the Elderly
5.3.1 The Pension System Has Not Yet Achieved Full Coverage
5.3.2 The Overall Situation Surrounding the Pension Benefit Inequality
5.3.3 Regional Differences and Individual Characteristics of Pension Benefit
5.4 Decompositions of Pension Benefit Inequality
5.4.1 The Findings from Theil Decomposition
5.4.2 Further Findings from Inequality Decomposition Based on Regression Model
5.5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
Part II Employment, Retirement, and Lifestyles of the Elderly in Japan
6 Health Capacity to Work and Its Long-Term Trend Among the Japanese Elderly
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data
6.2.1 Study Sample
6.2.2 Variables
6.2.2.1 Work
6.2.2.2 Health
6.3 Analytic Strategy
6.3.1 Estimation of the Health Capacity to Work
6.3.2 Key Assumptions
6.4 Results
6.4.1 Changes in Health and Work Statuses Over the Past 30 Years
6.4.2 Health Capacity to Work in 2016
6.4.3 Part-Time Work Vs. Full-Time Work
6.4.4 Long-Term Changes in Health Capacity to Work
6.4.5 Decomposition of the Change in Additional Health Capacity to Work
6.4.6 Distribution of Estimated Probabilities of Work
6.5 Discussion
6.6 Conclusions
Appendix
References
7 Willingness to Continue Volunteering Among the Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Japan
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Literature Review
7.2.1 Previous Empirical Studies
7.2.2 The Influence of Four Factors
7.3 Methodology and Data
7.3.1 Model
7.3.2 Data
7.4 Results
7.4.1 Basic Results
7.4.2 Results by Age Group
7.5 Conclusions
Appendix
References
8 Seniority Wage and Employment of the Older Workers in Japanese Firms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.2.1 Lazear Model on Seniority Wage and Mandatory Retirement Age
8.2.2 Empirical Studies on Seniority Wage and Employment of Older Workers in Japan
8.3 Methodology and Data
8.3.1 Model
8.3.2 Data and Variables
8.4 Results of Descriptive Statistics of the Relationship of Age and Wage
8.4.1 Age-Wage Profile by Education
8.4.2 Age-Wage Profile by Firm Size
8.4.3 Age-Wage Profile by Industrial Sectors
8.5 Results of Econometric Analyses
8.5.1 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Probability of Performing the Mandatory Retirement System in Firms?
8.5.2 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Mandatory Retirement Age?
8.5.3 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Probability of Performing the Elderly Reemployment System in Firms?
8.5.4 Does the Seniority Wage Influence the Reemployment Age?
8.6 Conclusions
Appendix
References
9 Living Arrangement and Well-Being of the Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Japan
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Literature Review
9.3 Methodology and Data
9.3.1 Model
9.3.2 Data and Variable Setting
9.4 Results
9.4.1 Results for Individuals Aged 45 and Older
9.4.2 Results for Individuals Aged 60 and Older
9.5 Discussion and Conclusion
Appendix
References
Part III Population Aging, Work, and Lifestyles of the Elderly in Other East Asian Regions
10 Population Aging, Labor Force Participation, and Family Structure in the Republic of Korea
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lowest Fertility in the World
10.3 Population Aging of the Republic of Korea
10.4 Problems in Supporting Elderly
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Retirement Timing and Post-retirement Employment in Taiwan
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Institutional Background
11.3 Literature Review
11.3.1 Studies on Retirement Timing
11.3.2 Studies on Post-retirement Employment
11.4 Data and Analytical Methods
11.4.1 Retirement Timing: Sample, Variables, and Method
11.4.1.1 Demographic and Other Personal Traits
11.4.1.2 Job Characteristics
11.4.1.3 Familial Factors and Household-Level Information
11.4.2 Post-retirement Employment: Sample, Variables, and Method
11.5 Findings
11.5.1 Findings for Retirement Timing
11.5.2 Findings for Post-retirement Employment
11.6 Conclusions
References
12 Population Aging, Low Fertility, and Social Security in Russia
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Poverty and Economic Disparities in Russia
12.3 Longevity and Injury/Illness
12.4 Aging and Pensions
12.5 Childbirth/Childrearing
12.6 Conclusions
References
Index