Emerging Technologies for Biorefineries, Biofuels, and Value-Added Commodities

✍ Scribed by Zhi-Hua Liu (editor), Art Ragauskas (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 398
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides in-depth coverage on the latest concepts, systems, and technologies that are being utilized in biorefineries for the production of biofuels and value-added commodities. Written by internationally recognized experts, the book provides a comprehensive overview of pretreatment technology for biorefineries and biofuels, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation technology for biofuel production, and lignin valorization for developing new products from waste lignin. The book will be a valuable resource for researchers and professionals working in process engineering, product engineering, material science, and systems and synthetic biology in the fields of biorefining, biofuel, biomaterials, environmental waste utilization, and biotechnology.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Challenges and Perspectives of Biorefineries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intrinsic Properties of Lignocellulosic Biomass (LCB)
1.3 Emerging Pretreatment Technologies
1.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis Technologies
1.5 Fermentation Technologies
1.6 Lignin Valorization
1.7 Modern Biorefinery Concept with Composition Valorization for Multiproducts
References
Chapter 2: Deconstruction of Lignocellulose Recalcitrance by Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment for Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.1 Introduction of Lignocellulosic Biomass
2.2 The Role of Pretreatment on Lignocellulose Bioconversion
2.3 Overview of Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment
2.4 Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment and Mechanisms
2.4.1 Alcohol-Based Fractionating Pretreatment
2.4.1.1 Process Description
2.4.1.2 Mechanisms of Alcohol-Based Pretreatment for Improving Cellulose Digestibility
2.4.1.3 Reactions of Lignin
2.4.2 Organic Acid-Based Fractionating Pretreatment
2.4.3 Process Description
2.4.3.1 Mechanisms of Organic Acid-Based Pretreatment for Improving Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.4.3.2 Reactions of Lignin
2.4.4 Ketone-Based Fractionating Pretreatment
2.4.5 Other Organosolv Pretreatment
2.5 Comparison of Different Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatments
2.6 Biorefinery Based on Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment
2.6.1 Organosolv-Based Biorefinery
2.6.2 Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials Derived from Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment
2.6.2.1 Cellulose-Derived Products
2.6.2.2 Hemicellulose-Derived Products
2.6.2.3 Lignin-Derived Products
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: New Developments on Ionic Liquid-Tolerant Microorganisms Leading Toward a More Sustainable Biorefinery
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Growth of Microorganisms in the Presence of Ionic Liquids
3.2.1 Fungi
3.2.2 Bacteria
3.3 Bioconversion in the Presence of Ionic Liquids
3.3.1 Ethanol
3.3.2 Organic Acids
3.3.3 Lipids
3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Liquid Hot Water Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass Biorefinery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Physicochemical Changes of Feedstocks After LHW Pretreatment
4.2.1 Hemicellulose Depolymerization
4.2.2 Lignin Change
4.2.3 Microstructural Change
4.3 Technology Development of LHW Pretreatment
4.3.1 Development in Reactors
4.3.2 Development in Catalysts
4.3.3 Development in Solvent/Water Systems
4.3.4 LHW Pretreatment Combined with Other Pretreatments
4.4 Factors Influencing Lignocellulosic Biomass Bioconversion Based on LHW Pretreatment
4.4.1 Soluble Degradation Products
4.4.2 Lignin
4.4.3 Structural Features
4.4.4 Solid Loading Ratio (%, W/W)
4.5 Bioproduct Production Based on LHW Pretreatment
4.5.1 Xylooligosaccharides
4.5.2 Ethanol
4.5.3 Medium
4.5.4 Biogas
4.5.5 Biomaterials
4.6 Prospective
References
Chapter 5: Multiproduct Biorefining from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Steam Explosion Technology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Steam Explosion Pretreatment Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance
5.3 Steam Explosion Pretreatment for Biorefinery
5.4 Steam Explosion Pretreatment Impacts Up- and Downstreams of Biorefinery
5.5 Integrated Technologies for Promoting Multiproducts in Biorefinery
5.6 Pilot-Scale Platforms of Biorefinery with Steam Explosion Technology
5.7 Direction of Future Work of Biorefinery with Stream Explosion
References
Chapter 6: Fundamentals of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes and Its Effect on Biomass Utilization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extraction of LCCs
6.2.1 Ball Milling Prior to Solvent Extraction
6.2.2 Water or Water Solution Extraction
6.2.3 Organic Solvent Extraction
6.2.4 Water-Organic Solvent Extraction
6.3 Structural Analysis on LCCs
6.3.1 Sugar Types and Configurations
6.3.2 Substituents on the Framework of Polysaccharides
6.3.3 Lignin Structural Monomers
6.3.4 Analysis of Linkages Between Lignin and Carbohydrates
6.3.4.1 Wet Chemistry Method
6.3.4.2 NMR
6.3.4.3 Size Exclusion Chromatography
6.3.4.4 FTIR
6.4 Bonds Between Lignin and Carbohydrates and Their Breakage
6.4.1 Type of Chemical Bonds
6.4.1.1 Benzyl Ether/Ester Bonds
6.4.1.2 Phenyl Glycoside (PhGly) Bonds
6.4.1.3 Acetal-Type Bonds
6.4.1.4 Ferulate Ester Bonds
6.4.2 Breakage of Different Bonds
6.4.2.1 Ester Bond Breakage
6.4.2.2 Ether Bond Breakage
6.5 Effect of LCC on Biomass Utilization
6.5.1 Bioactivity of LCC
6.5.2 Effect of LCC on Separation of Different Components
6.6 Prospects
References
Chapter 7: Systematic Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Efficient Utilization of Xylose
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Redox Imbalance
7.3 Activity of Enzymes in Xylose Assimilation Pathway
7.4 Improving the Activity of Xylose Isomerase
7.5 The Low Metabolic Flux of the Non-oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
7.6 Xylose Transportation
7.7 Other Targets for Metabolic Engineering
7.8 New Xylose Metabolic Pathway
7.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Microbial Lipid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreated by Effective Pretreatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main Components of Lignocellulosic Biomass
8.3 Pretreatments of Lignocellulosic Materials for Enhancing the Production of Microbial Lipids
8.3.1 Physical Pretreatment
8.3.1.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
8.3.1.2 Irradiation
8.3.1.3 Pyrolysis
8.3.2 Chemical Pretreatment
8.3.2.1 Alkalic Pretreatment
8.3.2.2 Acid Pretreatment
8.3.2.3 Ionic Liquid Pretreatment
8.3.2.4 Organosolv Pretreatment
8.3.3 Physical-Chemical Pretreatment
8.3.3.1 Ammonia Fiber Explosion (AFEX)
8.3.3.2 CO2 Explosion
8.3.3.3 Liquid Hot Water (LHW) Pretreatment
8.3.3.4 Oxidative Pretreatment
8.3.3.5 Steam Explosion
8.3.4 Biological Pretreatment (BP)
8.4 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Chapter 9: Metabolic Engineering of Yeast for Enhanced Natural and Exotic Fatty Acid Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Microbial Lipids from Lignocellulose-Derived Substrates
9.3 Metabolic Engineering Strategies and Recent Progress Toward Improved Yeast Lipid Production
9.3.1 Lipid Metabolic Engineering of S. cerevisiae
9.3.2 Lipid Metabolic Engineering of Y. lipolytica
9.4 Exotic Fatty Acid/Alcohol Production in Engineered Yeast
9.4.1 Short- and Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
9.4.2 Fatty Acid Esters and Alcohols
9.4.3 Ricinoleic Fatty Acids
9.4.4 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
9.4.5 Cyclopropane Fatty Acids
9.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 10: Advanced Fermentation Strategies to Enhance Lipid Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Process Development for Lipid Production Using Lignocellulosic Sugars
10.2.1 Single-Stage Cultivation: Batch and Fed-Batch Cultures
10.2.2 Two-Stage Cultivation: Fed-Batch and Continuous Cultures
10.2.3 High Cell Density Cultivation (HCDC)
10.3 Lignocellulosic Inhibitor Tolerance of Lipid-Producing Microorganisms
10.4 Biologically Empowering Lignocellulosic-Utilizing Microorganisms for Lipid Production
10.5 Perspectives
References
Chapter 11: Fractionation, Characterization, and Valorization of Lignin Derived from Engineered Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Lignin Chemistry, Structure, and Biosynthesis
11.2.1 Lignin Compositions
11.2.2 Lignin Inter-Unit Linkages
11.2.3 Lignin Biosynthesis
11.3 Lignin-Engineered Feedstocks
11.3.1 Modification of Lignin Content
11.3.2 Modification of Lignin Structural Subunits
11.3.3 Modification of Lignin Inter-Unit Linkages and Lignin Deposition
11.3.4 CRISPR/Cas9
11.4 Fractionation of Engineered Feedstocks
11.4.1 Physical Methods
11.4.2 Chemical Methods
11.4.2.1 Neutral or Acidic Chemistry
11.4.2.2 Alkaline Chemistry
11.4.2.3 Solvent-Based Fractionation
11.4.3 Biological Methods
11.5 Lignin Characterization
11.5.1 Lignin Content and Compositions
11.5.2 Lignin Molecular Weight Distribution
11.5.3 Lignin Inter-Unit Linkages and Functional Groups
11.5.4 Thermal Properties
11.6 Lignin Upgrading
11.6.1 Oxidative Catalysis
11.6.2 Reductive Catalysis
11.6.3 Electro-catalysis
11.6.4 Biological Upgrading
11.6.4.1 Lignin Degrading Enzymes
11.6.4.2 Lignin Fermenting Microorganisms
11.7 Summary and Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: The Route of Lignin Biodegradation for Its Valorization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lignin-Degradable Microorganisms
12.2.1 Fungi
12.2.2 Bacteria
12.2.2.1 Actinomycetes
12.2.2.2 Proteobacteria
12.2.2.3 Firmicutes
12.3 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes
12.3.1 Lignin-Degrading Peroxidase
12.3.1.1 Manganese-Dependent Peroxidase
12.3.1.2 Lignin Peroxidase
12.3.1.3 Versatile Peroxidase
12.3.1.4 Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase
12.3.2 Lignin-Degrading Auxiliary
12.3.2.1 Glyoxal Oxidase
12.3.2.2 Aryl Alcohol Oxidase
12.3.2.3 Heme-Thiolate Haloperoxidases
12.3.2.4 Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenase (GDH)
12.3.2.5 Pyranose 2-Oxidase
12.3.3 Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2)
12.3.4 Other Enzymes
12.4 Major Metabolic Pathway of Lignin Degradation
12.4.1 β-Aryl Ether Catabolic Pathways
12.4.2 Biphenyl Catabolic Pathways
12.4.3 Ferulic Acid Catabolic Pathway
12.4.4 Tetrahydrofolate-Dependent O-Demethylation Catabolic Pathway
12.4.5 3-Methyl Gallate Catabolic Pathway
12.4.6 Protocatechuate (PCA) Catabolic Pathway
12.4.7 Diarylpropane Catabolic Pathways
12.4.8 Phenylcoumarane and Pinoresinol Lignin Component Catabolic Pathway
12.5 Biocatalytic Conversion of Lignin
12.5.1 Metabolic Engineering for the Production of Lignin-Derived Aromatic Compounds
12.5.1.1 Vanillin
12.5.1.2 Monolignols
12.5.2 Metabolic Engineering for Biomaterial Production from Lignin
12.5.2.1 Muconate/Muconic Acid
Construction of Engineered C. glutamicum for MA Production
Construction of Genetic Engineering P. putida for MA Production
Construction of Genetic Engineering E. coli for MA Production
12.5.2.2 Pyruvate
12.5.2.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
References
Chapter 13: Understanding Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Oxidative Pretreatment for Lignocellulosic Biomass and Lignin Valorization
13.1 Oxidative Pretreatment: An Overview of Processes
13.1.1 Pulp Bleaching Processes
13.1.2 Oxidative Pretreatment for Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulose
13.1.2.1 Wet Oxidation
13.1.2.2 Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide
13.1.2.3 Catalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment
13.1.2.4 Ozone
13.1.2.5 Enzymatic Pretreatment
13.2 Effects of Oxidative Pretreatment Processes on Plant Cell Wall Components
13.3 Knowledge Gaps
References
Chapter 14: Lignin Valorization in Biorefineries Through Integrated Fractionation, Advanced Characterization, and Fermentation Intensification Strategies
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Lignin Fractionation
14.2.1 Fractionation by Membrane Technology
14.2.2 Fractionation by Sequential Precipitation
14.2.3 Fractionation by Organosolv Sequential Dissolution
14.3 Lignin Characterization
14.3.1 Lignin Characterization Methods
14.3.1.1 Molecular Weight Analysis
14.3.1.2 Chemical Structure Analysis of Lignin Polymer
14.3.2 Application of Lignin Characterization
14.3.2.1 Lignin Characterization Enriches Understanding of Lignin Properties
14.3.2.2 Lignin Characterization Reveals Mechanisms and Provides Guidance for Improving Biomass Valorization
14.4 Fermentation Process Intensification Strategies
14.4.1 Exploration on Microbial Strains
14.4.1.1 Strains Screening
14.4.1.2 Genetic and Metabolic Engineering for Strains Design
14.4.2 Modifications of Lignin Substrates
14.4.2.1 Genetic Modifications of Lignin Biosynthesis
14.4.2.2 Biomass Pretreatment to Alter the Structure of Lignin Polymer
14.4.3 Advanced Processes Design and Intensification
14.4.3.1 Synergetic Bioconversion Process by a Cofermentation Strategy
14.4.3.2 Periodic Intensification on Bioprocesses
14.4.3.3 Optimization of Fermentation Parameters
14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Novel and Efficient Lignin Fractionation Processes for Tailing Lignin-Based Materials
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lignin Properties
15.2.1 The Basic Structural Features of Lignin
15.2.2 Functional Groups of Lignin
15.3 Lignin Fractionation Process
15.3.1 Alkali-Based Fractionation
15.3.2 Organosolv Fractionation
15.3.2.1 Alcohol-Based Fractionation
15.3.2.2 Organic Acid-Based Fractionation
15.3.3 Ionic Liquid (IL)-Assisted Fractionation
15.3.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) Fractionation
15.3.5 Enzyme Assisted Fractionation
15.3.6 Strategies to Quench Reaction During Lignin Fractionation
15.4 Further Fractionation of Lignin
15.5 Lignin-Based Material and Applications
15.6 Summary and Outlook
References
Index