Emerging Sustainable Aquaculture Innovations in Africa (Sustainability Sciences in Asia and Africa)

✍ Scribed by Ndakalimwe Naftal Gabriel (editor), Edosa Omoregie (editor), Kenneth Prudence Abasubong (editor)

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 545
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This edited book presents the emerging sustainable innovations in all areas of aquaculture in Africa with a view to create an opportunity whereby scientific outputs and recommendations can be endorsed for improved aquaculture outputs towards poverty alleviation and food security on the continent.

Food insecurity and poverty are some of the challenges faced on the African continent. These challenges are further exacerbated by the growing human population and the impacts of climate change. Today, aquaculture has become one of the fastest food producing sectors in the world, with the potential to contribute significantly to food security and poverty alleviation in developing countries. In Africa, aquaculture is at an infant stage, however, many African countries have recognized the potential roles of aquaculture in food security, poverty alleviation and conservation of aquatic resources through their commitment to achieve the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals.

The book reviews and synthesize research work from these thematic areas across Africa and provide a unique perspective on the emerging aquaculture innovations and illustrate how aquaculture practices could be feasible and cost effective while promoting social and environmental sustainability. The book also draws from global discussions on sustainable aquaculture practices and provides recommendations on what is feasible for Africa. This book is a great tool for the university students, scholars, aquaculture farmers, investors, and policymakers to understand the scientific based sustainable aquaculture innovations from an African perspective.

This book is focused on SDG 2 and SDG 14.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed Management
Chapter 1: Fish Nutrition: An African Aquaculture Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Feeding Practices Used in African Aquaculture
1.3 Feeding Technologies Used in African Aquaculture
1.4 Fishmeal and Soybean Replacement in African Aquaculture
1.5 Feed Additives Used in African Aquaculture
1.5.1 The Use of Feed Additives for Growth Performance and General Fish Health
1.5.2 Use of Feed Additives to Alleviate Toxicity of Various Xenobiotics and Stressful Conditions
1.5.3 The Use of Feed Additives as Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics
1.5.4 The Use of Nanoparticles as Feed Additives in African Aquaculture
1.5.5 The Use of Feed Additives as Immunostimulants in African Aquaculture
1.5.6 The Use of Feed Additives for Controlling Pathogenic Organisms
1.5.7 The Use of Minerals as Feed Additives in African Aquaculture
1.5.8 Feed Additives as Water Quality Cleaning Agents
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Feed Restriction as a Feed Management Strategy in Tilapia and Catfish Culture: An African Perspective
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Feed Restriction in Aquaculture
2.2.1 Feeding Rate and Feeding Frequency
2.2.1.1 Feeding Rate and Frequency in Some Tilapia Species
2.2.1.2 Feeding Rate and Frequency in Catfish Production
2.3 Feeding Deprivation and Refeeding Cycles in Aquaculture
2.3.1 Feeding Deprivation and Refeeding Cycles in Tilapia Species
2.3.2 Feeding Deprivation and Refeeding Cycles in Catfish Production
2.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Meal as a Sustainable Protein Source for Fish Feed Production in Kenya
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Basic Culture Method of Black Soldier Fly
3.2.1 Life History and Culture Conditions
3.2.2 Culture Substrates for BSF Larvae
3.3 Biochemical Composition of BSF Larvae as a Feed Ingredient
3.3.1 Crude Protein and Fat Content
3.3.2 Amino Acid Content
3.3.3 Fatty Acids Content of BSF Larvae
3.3.4 Mineral Content of BSF Larvae
3.4 Utilisation of BSF Larvae in Fish Feed Formulation
3.5 BSF Larvae Meal Effect on Fish Growth Performance
3.6 Cost Reduction of Fish Feeds Using Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Waste to Feed: An Emerging Technology to Improve Aquaculture in Africa
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Waste Production in Africa
4.2.1 Waste to Microbial Resources
4.3 Importance of Microbial Resources in Aquaculture
4.3.1 Stimulate Intestinal Enzymes to Promote a Growth Performance
4.3.2 Improve Immune Response in Fish
4.3.3 Prevent Spoilage in Aquatic Products
4.3.4 Improve Water Quality
4.3.5 Several Advancements in Aquaculture Nutrition
4.4 Waste to Insect Feed Meal
4.4.1 The Nutritional Capacity of Insect Meals
4.4.2 Insect Meal as an Immunostimulant
4.4.3 Production of Insect Meal
4.5 Several Advancements in Aquaculture Nutrition
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Prebiotics as Functional Ingredients in Aquafeed: Trends and Prospects in African Aquaculture
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Prebiotics and Their Functions in Fish
5.3 Benefits and Mode of Action of Prebiotics in Aquaculture
5.3.1 Role of Fish Gut Microbiota
5.3.2 Selective Stimulation of Intestinal Microbiota
5.3.3 SCFAs Production
5.3.4 Immunomodulation
5.3.5 Growth Performance and Feed Utilization
5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 6: The Potential Benefits of Aloe vera Products in Aquafeed: Current Knowledge and Prospects
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Composition of Aloe vera
6.3 Applications of Aloe vera Extracts in Aquaculture
6.3.1 Growth Performance and Feed Utilisation
6.3.2 Effects of A. vera on Fish Health
6.4 Limitations in Current Knowledge and Perspectives for the Future
References
Chapter 7: Use of Plant Extracts to Control Reproduction in Tilapia Production Systems: An Emerging Eco-Friendly Innovation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plant Extracts Used to Control Tilapia Reproduction, Their Bioactive Compounds, and Used Extractants
7.2.1 Route of Administration of Plant Extracts
7.2.2 Mechanism of Reproduction Control in Tilapia by Plant Extracts
7.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 8: Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Extracts as Potential Growth Promoters and Sex Reversal Agents in Aquaculture
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pawpaw (Carica papaya) Extracts
8.3 Administration Methods in Aquaculture
8.3.1 Potential Health Benefits of Pawpaw Crude Extracts in Fish
8.3.2 Sex Reversal Effects of Pawpaw Crude Extracts in Fish
8.3.3 Growth Benefits of Pawpaw Crude Extracts in Fish
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Microbial-Based Systems and Single-Cell Ingredients: Exploring Their Role in Sustainable Aquaculture Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Sustainable Alternative Protein Sources
9.3 Microbial-Based Food Systems and Single-Cell Proteins as Novel Ingredients in Aquaculture
9.3.1 Microbial-Based Food Systems in Aquaculture: Nutritional Composition and Feeding Value
9.3.2 Biofloc Systems
9.3.3 Periphyton Systems
9.3.4 Biofilm Systems
9.3.5 Microbial-Based Systems as Immunostimulants in Aquaculture
9.4 Single-Cell Protein and Their Application in Aquaculture
9.4.1 Production of Single-Cell Protein (SCP)
9.4.2 Nutritional Composition of SCP
9.4.3 Nutritional Feeding Value of SCP in Aquaculture
9.4.4 Yeast SCP
9.4.5 Bacterial SCP
9.4.6 Microalgae SCP
9.4.6.1 Effect on Fish Growth
9.4.6.2 Effect on Nutrient Digestibility in Fish
9.4.6.3 Effect on Fish Carcass Quality and Reproductive Performance
9.4.6.4 Effect on Immunomodulation in Fish
9.5 Application of Single-Cell Oil (SCO) in Aqua Feed: Effect on Fish Growth and Nutrient Digestibility
9.6 Sustainability and Environmental Performance of SCP and Microbial-Based Systems
9.7 Conclusion, Future Perspectives, and Opportunities
References
Chapter 10: Ferulic Acid as Feed Additives in Aquaculture: A Review on Growth, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Status of Finf...
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ferulic Acid: Structural Properties and Importance as a Functional Ingredient
10.3 Absorption and Metabolism Effect of FA in Animal
10.4 Overview of the Use of Ferulic Acid in Aquaculture
10.4.1 Ferulic Acid Improves Growth Performances and Biochemical Parameters
10.4.2 Ferulic Acid Improves Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Muscle Hypertrophy
10.4.3 Ferulic Acid as an Antimicrobial Agent
10.4.4 Ferulic Acid as an Anti-apoptotic Agent
10.4.5 Ferulic Acid as an Anti-inflammatory Agent
10.4.6 Ferulic Acid Immunostimulatory Agent
10.4.7 Ferulic Acid as Antioxidant Agents
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: The Importance and Utilization of Palm Oil as a Fish Oil Replacement in Aquaculture
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Palm Oil
11.3 Global Oil Palm Production
11.3.1 Oil Palm Processing and Production
11.3.2 Nutritive Component of Palm Oil
11.3.2.1 Sources of Carotenoids and Vitamin
11.3.2.2 Source of Fatty Acid
11.4 Uses of Palm Oil
11.5 Oil Palm Utilization in Aquaculture Nutrition as Fish Oil Replacement
11.5.1 Effects on Growth Performances and Feed Utilization
11.5.2 Effects on Fatty Acid Composition
11.5.3 Effects on Hematological Profile
11.5.4 Effects on Body Composition
11.5.5 Effects on Biological Indices
11.5.6 Effects on Lipid-Related Genes Expression
11.5.7 Effects on Antioxidant Capacity
11.5.8 Effects on Inflammatory and Immune Response
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: A Dynamic Study of the influence of Jatropha curcas on Growth and Haematological Indices in Finfish
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Jatropha as a Plant
12.2.1 Anti-nutritional Factors in the Jatropha Plant
12.2.2 Jatropha Detoxification
12.2.3 The Potential Benefits of Jatropha curcas
12.3 Jatropha curcas in Aquaculture Practices
12.3.1 Chemical Composition of J. curcas Leaves
12.3.2 Jatropha curcas Meal (JCM) in Aquafeed
12.3.3 Jatropha Oil in Aquafeed
12.4 A Dynamic Study of Dietary Inclusion of Jatropha curcas in Aquafeed on Growth and Haematological Indices in Finfish
12.4.1 Substitution of Soybean Meal with Fermented Jatropha Kernel Meal: Effect on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and M...
12.4.2 Dietary implications of toasted Jatropha curcas kernel on the growth, hematology, and organ histology of Clarias gariep...
12.4.3 Effect of Replacing Different Levels of Dietary Fishmeal with J. curcas Kernel Meal
12.4.4 Dietary Inclusion of Detoxified J. curcas Kernel Meal: Effects on Growth Performance and Metabolic Efficiency in Common...
12.4.5 Heamato-immunological and Physiological Responses of Labeo rohita Fingerlings to Dietary Fermented J. curcas Protein Co...
12.4.6 Dietary Inclusion of Detoxified J. curcas Kernel Meal: Effects on Growth Performance and Metabolic Efficiency in Common...
12.4.6.1 Growth Performance and Haematological Indices of African Catfish (C. Gariepinus Burchell 1822) Fed Graded Levels of P...
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Part II: Water Quality Management
Chapter 13: Applications of Aquatic Plants in the Remediation of Aquaculture Wastewater: An Opportunity for African Aquaculture
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Phytoremediation as a Remediator for Aquaculture Wastewater
13.2.1 Mechanisms of Actions During Phytoremediation
13.3 Factors to Consider in the Selection of Plants for the Phytoremediation Process
13.4 Success Stories of Plants Used in Wastewater Treatment
13.4.1 Pistia stratiotes
13.4.2 Spirodela Polyrhiza and Salvinia Molesta
13.4.2.1 Water Quality After Phytoremediation
13.4.2.2 Effect of Phytoremediation on Biomass
13.4.3 Myriophyllum Elatinoides and Eichhornia Crassipes
13.5 Limitation of Phytoremediation as a Wastewater Treatment Strategy
13.6 Conclusion and Prospects of Phytoremediation as Wastewater Treatment in African Aquaculture
References
Chapter 14: African Aquaculture: Enhancement of Water Quality for Sustainable Freshwater Finfish Culture
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Current Status of Aquaculture in Africa
14.1.2 Freshwater Finfish Aquaculture Production Systems in Africa
14.1.3 Major Freshwater Finfish Cultured Species in Africa
14.2 Water Quality in Aquaculture Production System
14.2.1 Temperature
14.2.2 Carbon Dioxide
14.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen
14.2.4 Ammonia
14.2.5 pH
14.2.6 Salinity
14.3 Water Quality Management in Africa Freshwater Fish Culture Systems
14.3.1 Maintenance of Dissolved Oxygen
14.3.2 Maintenance of Adequate pH RANGE
14.3.3 Best Practices for Fertilizer Applications
14.3.4 Phytoplankton Management
14.3.5 Best Practices to Reduce Aquaculture Waste for Improved Water Quality
References
Chapter 15: Nutrient Budget of Cage Fish Culture in a Lacustrine Environment: Towards Model Development for the Sustainable De...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Factors Affecting Nutrient Loads and their Impacts on Inland Waters
15.2.1 Siting of Cages
15.2.2 Nutritional Content and Digestibility of the Feeds
15.3 Nutrient Load in Wastes in African Inland Waters
15.4 Theoretical Mass Balance Model
15.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis of the Model
15.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Part III: Aquaculture Development and Innovations in Africa
Chapter 16: Aquaponics as a Sustainable Food Production System with Promising Development Perspectives in Morocco
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Aquaculture in Morocco
16.1.2 Marine Aquaculture
16.1.3 Freshwater Aquaculture
16.2 Agriculture in Morocco
16.3 Aquaponics, an Opportunity for Sustainable Food Production in Morocco with Promising Development Perspectives
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 The Symbiotic System of Aquaponics
16.3.3 Types of Aquaponics Systems
16.3.3.1 Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)
16.3.3.2 Floating Raft (Deep Water Culture)
16.3.3.3 Media BED TEChnique
16.3.4 Aquaponics: Approaches, Production Scales, System Designs
16.4 Aquaponics and the Sustainable Development Goals
16.5 Benefits of Aquaponics
16.5.1 Economic Benefits
16.5.2 Social Benefits
16.5.3 Environmental Benefits
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Enhancing Food Production Employing Integrated Aquaculture in Namibia. Fish Integration with Poultry
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Fish-Poultry Integration System
17.3 Significances of Fish-Poultry Integration
17.4 Constraints in Aquaculture Integration
17.5 Controversies around Aquaculture Integration
17.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 18: Fishing for Answers: Should Afrotropical Farmers use Cages or Ponds for Grow-Out of Nile Tilapia?
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Aquaculture Production Systems in Africa
18.2.1 Extensive Systems
18.2.2 Semi-Intensive Systems
18.2.3 Intensive Systems
18.2.4 Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Systems (IAA)
18.3 Cultured Fish Species in Africa
18.4 Profitability of Aquaculture Production Systems for Nile Tilapia Culture
18.5 Nutrient Loading of Commonly Utilized Aquaculture Production Systems
18.6 Challenges/Constraints in Aquaculture Development in Africa
18.7 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 19: Aquaculture Development Perspectives in Sierra Leone: The Challenges of Critical Inputs and Political Will
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Tracing the Dynamics of Sierra Leone Aquaculture Development
19.3 Critical Challenge to Aquaculture Development in Sierra Leone
19.4 Strategies for Sustainable Development of Aquaculture in Sierra Leone
19.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: The Namibian Mariculture: Productivity, Challenges and Opportunities
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Aquaculture in Namibia
20.1.2 Milestones in the Namibian mariculture
20.2 Mariculture Productivity in Namibia
20.2.1 European Oysters
20.2.2 Pacific Oyster
20.2.3 South African Abalone
20.2.4 Mussels
20.2.5 Other Organisms
20.3 Mariculture Farming Systems in Namibia
20.3.1 Productivity Trends in Namibian Mariculture
20.4 Market and Economic Contribution of Mariculture to Namibia
20.5 Challenges Associated with Namibian Mariculture
20.5.1 Environmental Impacts
20.5.2 Contaminants
20.5.3 Other Marine Organisms and Microbial Diseases
20.5.4 Lack of Funds and Infrastructure
20.5.5 Market
20.6 Drawbacks of Mariculture
20.7 Opportunities in Mariculture
20.7.1 Culturing Marine Finfishes
20.7.2 Capacity Building
20.7.3 Promotion of Both Small- and Large-Scale Mariculture
20.7.4 Resilience to Climate Change
20.7.5 Technology
20.7.6 Financial Investment for Start-ups
20.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Climate SMART Best Practices in Aquaculture and Fisheries with Specific Emphasis on Sierra Leone
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Causes of Climate Change
21.3 Climate Change Impact on Fisheries and Aquaculture
21.4 Climate Change and the Aquatic Ecosystem
21.4.1 Specific Impact of Climate Change on the Ecosystem
21.5 Climate Impact on Livelihoods and Food Security
21.5.1 People, Communities and Vulnerability
21.6 Climate Impact on Fisheries and Aquaculture
21.6.1 Impact on Fish Physiology and Population
21.6.2 Impacts on Water Flow
21.6.3 Impact on Water Quality and Fish Distribution
21.7 Climate-Smart Approaches in Fisheries and Aquaculture
21.7.1 Climate SMART Best Practices in the Fisheries of Sierra Leone
21.7.1.1 Local Win-Win Approaches
21.8 Gender Perspectives in Climate Smart Agriculture
21.9 How to Respond to Climate Change Impact
21.9.1 Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation
21.9.2 Climate Change Mitigation and Policy Actions
21.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: The Potential of Small-Scale Freshwater Aquaculture for Household Nutritional Security and Malnutrition Alleviatio...
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Climate Change and its Influences on Food Production in Namibia
22.3 Important Inland Aquaculture Fish Species
22.4 Nutritional Value of Fish and Importance of Fish Consumption
22.5 The Role of Small-Scale Aquaculture in Increasing Food Security and Alleviating Malnutrition in Namibia
22.6 The Potential of Small-Scale Aquaculture Development in Namibia
22.7 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 23: The Southern Mullet (Chelon richardsonii) as a Potential Candidate Species for Aquaculture in the Southern African...
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Geographical Distributions
23.2.1 Biological and Feeding Ecology of Southern Mullet
23.2.2 The Reproductive Characteristics of Southern Mullet
23.2.3 Environmental Preferences of Southern Mullet
23.3 Mullet Fishery
23.4 The Aquaculture Potential of Southern Mullet
23.4.1 Economic and Market Characterisation of Southern Mullet
23.5 Conclusions
References
Part IV: Aquaculture Animal Welfare
Chapter 24: Some Significant Parasites in Aquaculture and Their Potential Impact on the Development of Aquaculture in Africa
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Potential Aquaculture Parasites
24.2.1 Monogenea
24.2.2 Digenea
24.2.3 Cestoda
24.2.4 Nematoda
24.2.5 Class Hexanauplia, Sub-class Copepoda
24.2.6 Acanthocephala
24.3 Control and Treatment of Parasites
24.4 Summary and Discussion
24.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 25: Interactions Between Pre-harvest, Post-harvest Handling and Welfare of Fish for Sustainability in the Aquaculture ...
25.1 Introduction
25.1.1 Fish Spoilage
25.1.1.1 Fish Post-harvest Losses
25.1.1.2 Factors Affecting Fish Spoilage
25.1.2 The Concepts of Fish Welfare
25.1.3 Fish Harvesting
25.2 Fish Post-Harvest Activities
25.2.1 Feed Withdrawal
25.2.2 Air Exposure
25.2.3 Crowding Within the Gear
25.2.4 Handling
25.2.5 Sorting
25.2.6 Loading and Off-Loading
25.2.7 Transportation
25.3 Fish Slaughtering
25.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Chapter 26: Alternative Fish Anaesthetics: Perspective on their Application in African Aquaculture and Fisheries Research
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Herbal Extracts as Anaesthetics in Aquaculture
26.3 Nonchemical Methods
26.3.1 Carbon Dioxide
26.3.2 Electroanaesthesia
26.3.3 Hypothermia
26.4 Conclusion and Perspectives
References