Contents
Preface
Part I. Fundamentals of Functional Materials: Applications for Sensors
Section 1. Metal Oxides based Gas Sensors
Chapter 1
Science and Technology of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Electrochemical Gas Sensors
1.2. Metal Oxide Semiconductors (MOS) Gas Sensor
1.3. Catalytic Gas Sensors
1.4. Infrared (IR) Gas Sensors
2. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors
2.1. Basic Working Principles
2.1.1. Bulk Conductivity Changes in MOS
2.1.2. Surface Conductive Changes in MOS
2.2. Parameters for MOS Gas Sensor Performance
2.2.1. Response
2.2.2. Selectivity
2.2.3. Response and Recovery Time
2.2.4. Robustness
2.3. Materials Properties for MOS Gas Sensors Performance
2.3.1. Receptor Function
2.3.2. Transducer Function
2.3.3. Utility
2.4. Instability of MOS Gas Sensor
3. Non-Metal Oxide Gas Sensors
3.1. Working Principle
3.2. Working Environment
Conclusion
Future Aspects of MOS Gas Sensors as the Diagnostic Breath Analyzer
Acknowledgments
References
Section 2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) based Chemical Sensors
Chapter 2
Application of ZnO Nanowhiskers for the Detection of p-Hydroquinone
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Crystalline Properties of ZnO Nanowhiskers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Energy Dispersive X-Rays Spectroscopy and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Optical and Structural Studies of ZnO Nanowhiskers
The UV–Vis Absorption, Photoluminescence and the Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
The Sensitivity Parameters of ZnO Nanowhiskers Modified GCE through Electrochemical System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Selective Monitoring of Piperidine by Spindles Shaped ZnO Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological, Elemental Composition and Crystalline Properties of Spindles Shaped ZnO
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Energy Dispersive X-Rays and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Optical and Structural Studies of Spindles Shaped ZnO
Ultra-Violet Diffused Reflectance, Photoluminescence and the Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Sensing Studies and Schematic Illustration of Spindles Shaped ZnO Based Piperidine Chemical Sensor
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4
ZnO Nanotubes as Efficient Electrodes for the Detection of Ethanolamine Chemical
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological, Structural and Crystalline Properties of Aligned ZnO Nanotubes
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Rays Diffraction Patterns and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Optical Properties of Aligned ZnO Nanotubes
Ultra-Violet Diffused Reflectance and Photoluminescence Spectra
Structural Properties of Aligned ZnO Nanotubes
The Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Raman Mapping
Sensitivity Measurements of Aligned ZnO Nanotubes Based Ethanolamine Chemical Sensor
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Cabbage-Like ZnO Nanostructures for the Electrochemical Detection of Resorcinol
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Properties of Cabbages like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and the Transmission Electron Studies
The Elemental Compositions, Structural, Crystalline and Optical Properties of Cabbages like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
The Energy Dispersive X-Rays Spectroscopy, X-Rays Diffraction Patterns, Fourier Transform Infrared, UV–Vis Absorption Spectrum
The X-Rays Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Cabbages Like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
Sensitivity Measurements of Cabbages like Zinc Oxide Nanostructures
Conclusion
References
Section 3. Titanium Oxide (TiO2) based Chemical Sensors
Chapter 6
TiO2 Nanotube Arrays for the Sensing of Phenyl Hydrazine
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Structural Properties| of TiO2 Nanotube Arrays
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Transmission Electron Microscopy and the Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
The Sensing Measurements of TiO2 Nanotubes Arrays Based Chemical Sensor for the Detection of Phenyl Hydrazine
Conclusion
References
Section 4. Conducting Polymers based Chemical Sensors
Chapter 7
Application of Polypyrrole Nanobelts as Electrode Material for the Detection of Aliphatic Alcohols
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Polypyrrole Nanobelts
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic and the Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies
The Atomic Force Spectroscopy
The Line Scan Element Mapping
Structural Properties of Polypyrrole Nanobelts
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
The Optical Characterizations of Polypyrrole Nanobelts
The UV–Vis Absorption and the Photoluminescence Spectra
The Electrocatalytic Activity and Conductivity Measurements of Polypyrrole Nanobelts Electrode
The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements
DC Conductivity of PPy Nanobelts Based Electrode
The Sensing Properties of Polypyrrole Nanobelts Electrode
The I–V Characteristics of Polypyrrole Nanobelts Based Chemical Sensor
Schematic Illustration of Electrochemical System and Interference Tests of the Fabricated Aliphatic Alcohol Sensors
FTIR and 1H NMR Spectra of PPy Nanobelts Electrode
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
The Fabrication of the Schottky Junction Diode Using Aligned Polypyrrole Nanofibers for the Broad Range Detection of M-Dihydroxybenzene
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Properties of Aligned Polypyrrole Nanofibers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Structural and Optical Studies of Aligned Polypyrrole Nanofibers
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The Raman Scattering and Raman Mapping Spectroscopy
The UV–Vis Absorption and Photoluminescence Spectra
The Sensing Properties of Aligned Polypyrrole Nanofibers Electrode
The I–V Characteristics of Pt/p-Aligned PPy NFs/n-Si Schottky Junction Diode Based Chemical Sensor
Cyclovoltammetry Studies
Amperometric Response and Interference Test of the Fabricated Sensor
1H NMR Spectra of PPy Nanobelts Electrode and Proposed Mechanism
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Using the p-NiO/n-Polyaniline/n-Si Schottky Diode to Detect Hydrazinobenzene
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological, and Crystalline Characterizations of p-NiO, n-PANI and p-NiO/n-PANI Thin Films
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Atomic Force Microscopy
Structural and Optical of PANI EB and n-PANI
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The UV–vis Absorption and Photoluminescence Spectra
Electrochemical Characterizations of Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottly Barrier Diode
Cyclicvoltammetry (CV) Measurements of Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode
Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode Based Hydrazinobenzene Chemosensor
The Stability and the Reproducibility of the Fabricated Hydrazinobenzene Chemical Sensor
The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) of Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode
Electrochemical Mechanism of Hydrazinobenzene Chemical Over Pt/p-NiO/ n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode
Illustration of Chemical Sensors over the Surface of Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode and Its Schottky Barrier Heights without and with Hydrazinobenzene Chemical
1H NMR Spectra of the Fabricated Pt/p-NiO/n-PANI/n-Si Schottky Barrier Diode
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Aligned Polyaniline Nanowires as Electrode Material for Glucose Biosensor
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Aligned Polyaniline Nanowires
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and the Line Scanning Element Mapping
Atomic Force Microscopy
Structural and Optical Properties of Aligned Polyaniline Nanowires
The Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Raman Mapping
UV–Vis and Photoluminescence Spectroscopies
Non-Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Aligned Polyaniline Nanowires Electrode
Investigations of Electroctalytic Activity through Cyclovoltametry
The I–V Responses of the Fabricated Sensor
The Amperometric Response and Interference Tests of the Fabricated Electrode Based Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor
Proposed Mechanism of the Fabricated Electrode Based Non-Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor
1H NMR Spectra of NCa-PANI NWs
Conclusion
References
Part II. Fundamentals of Functional Materials: Applications for Photocatalyst
Section 1. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) based Photocatalysts
Chapter 11
Degradation of Bromophenol Dye over ZnO Nanoflowers
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Crystalline Studies of ZnO Nanoflowers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Nanoflowers
The UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum, Photoluminescence Spectrum and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
The Photocatalytic Activities of ZnO Nanoflowers
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra of Decomposed Bromophenol Dye Solution over ZnO Nanoflowers under UV Light Irradiation and the Mass Spectra of Bromophenol Dye Sluotions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
ZnO Flower Nanomaterials as Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Crystalline Studies of ZnO Nanoflowers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Nanoflowers
The Ultraviolet-Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and the Photoluminescence Spectrum
The Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye over the Surface of ZnO Flowers under UV Illumination
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra of Decomposed Crystal Violet Dye Solution over ZnO Flowers under UV Light Irradiation and the Mass Spectra of Bromophenol Dye Solutions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
The Mineralization of Cationic Dye Using ZnO Hollow Nano-Baskets
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Crystalline Studies of ZnO Hollow Nano-Baskets
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction Patterns
Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Hollow Nano-Baskets
The Ultraviolet-Diffused Reflectance Spectroscopy, Raman Scattering and Photoluminescence Spectrum
The Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) Dye over the Surface of ZnO Hollow Nano-Baskets under UV Illumination
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra of Decomposed Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) Dye Solution over ZnO Hollow Nano-Baskets and the Mass Spectra of Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) Dye Solutions
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
The Facile Synthesis of ZnO–Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid and its Photocatalytic Application
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological and Crystalline Studies of ZnO–Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, the Element Line Scanning and X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO–Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid
The Raman Scattering and Photoluminescence Spectrum
The Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet (Cv) Dye Over the Surface of ZnO–Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra of Decomposed Crystal Violet (Cv) Dye Solution Over ZnO–Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Under Light Illumination
Mass Spectra of Crystal Violet (Cv) Solutions Before and After the Photocatalytic Reaction
Conclusion
References
Section 2. Titanium Oxide (TiO2) based Photocatalysts
Chapter 15
Visible Light Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Bromophenol Dye over CeO2/TiO2 Nanocomposite
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite
The Field Emission Scanning Electron and Transmission Electron Microscopy
Crystalline and Optical Properties of CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite
X-Rays Diffraction Patterns and UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum
The Photocatalytic Activity of CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite by the Degradation of Bromophenol Dye
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra of Decomposed Bromophenol Dye Solution over CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite under Light Illumination
Mass Spectra of Bromophenol Dye Solutions over CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite
The Schematic Illustration of the Photocatalytic Activity of CeO2-TiO2 Nanocomposite
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
The Effect of Fe Doping on TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Toxic Organic Compounds
Abstract
Introduction
Crystalline Properties of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
Morphological Studies of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy
Structural Properties of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Fe-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
Optical Studies of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
The UV–vis Absorption Spectrum
Photoluminescence Spectrum
XPS Spectra of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
Photocatalytic Degradation of Paranitrophenol over the Surface of Fe-doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
UV–vis Absorbance Spectra of Visible Light Induced Degradation of Paranitrophenol Aqueous Solution
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17
The Application of Sr-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Effective Photocatalytic Degradation of “Brilliant Green” Dye
Abstract
Introduction
Crystalline Studies
X-Ray Diffraction Patterns
Structural Properties, Surface Area, Thermogravimetric Analysis and the Optical Characterizations of Sr-Doped TiO2 Sample
Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies
BET Surface Area and Pore Size Distribution
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis
Photoluminescence Studies
Photocatalytic Activity
Conclusion
References
Section 3. Conducting Polymers based Photocatalysts
Chapter 18
The Utilization of Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites for the Degradation of Rose Bengal Dye
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Optical Properties of Graphene/ Polyaniline Nanocomposites
UV-Vis Absorbance Spectra and Photoluminescence Characterizations
Structural Characterizations of Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis of Graphene/Polyaniline Nanocomposites
The Photocatalytic Activity of PANI–Gr Nanocomposites
UV–Vis Spectra of Decomposed Rose Bengal Dye Solution under Light Illumination over the Surface of PANI–Gr
Schematic Illustrations of Photocatalytic RB Dye Degradation over the Surface of PANI–Gr Nanocomposite
Mass Spectra of Rose Bengal Dye Solution over PANI–Gr Nanocomposite and the Possible Reaction Intermediates after the Photocatalytic Reaction
Conclusion
References
Part III. Fundamentals of Functional Materials: Applications for Renewable Energy
Section 1. Small Organic Molecules based organic Solar Cells
Chapter 19
The Performance of Organic Solar Cells: Small Molecules Based on Thiazolothiazole
Abstract
Introduction
Scheme for the Synthesis of Thiazolothiazole Based Linear Chromophore (RTzR)
Optical Properties of RTzR
UV–Vis and Photoluminescence Spectra
The Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) of RTzR Thin Film
The Current (J)–Voltage (V) Curves of Organic Solar Cells Device of RTzR:PCBM Active Layers
Atomic Force Microscopy Spectroscopy of RTzR:PCBM Active Layer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20
Solution-Processed Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cell Based on a Furan-Bridged Thiazolo [5,4-d]thiazole Based D–π–A–π–D Type Linear Chromophore
Abstract
Introduction
Synthetic Route of the Furan-Bridged Organic Chromophore (RFTzR)
Synthesis of 2,5-Di(Furan-2-Yl)Thiazolo[5,4-D]Thiazole, 2
Synthesis of 2,5-Bis(5-Bromofuran-2-Yl)Thiazolo[5,4-D]Thiazole, 3
Synthesis of 2,5-Bis(5-(5-(5-Hexylthiophen-2-Yl)-Thiophen-2-Yl)Furan-2-Yl) Thiazolo[5,4-D]Thiazole (RFTzR)
Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Thermograms of Furan-Based Linear RFTzR Chromophore
Optical Characterizations of RFTzR
UV–Vis Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Spectra
Cyclic Voltammetry of the Furan-Bridged Organic Chromophore
The Photovoltaic Parameters of the Fabricated Organic Solar Cell
The Current (J)–Voltage (V) Curves and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency Spectra of the Fabricated Organic Solar Cells with the Active Layer of RFTzR: PC60BM
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Spectroscopy of RFTzR:PCBM Active Layer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 21
Fumaronitrile-Core and Terminal Alkylated Bithiophene for Solution Processed Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Synthetic Route of Fumaronitrile Based Organic Chromophore (RCNR)
1-(5-(Thiophen-2-yl) Thiophen-2-yl) Hexan-1-One (2)
2-Decyl-5-(Thiophen-2-yl) Thiophene (3)
5-Bromo-5’-Decyl-2,2’-Bithiophene (4)
2-{5-(5-Decylthiophen-2-yl) Thiophen-2-yl}-4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-Dioxaborolane (5)
Bis (4-Bromophenyl) Fumaronitrile (7)
2,3-Bis(4-(5-(5-Hexylthiophen-2-yl)Thiophen-2-yl)Phenyl)Fumaronitrile (RCNR)
Thermogravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Colorimetry Plots of the Organic Chromophore
Optical Characterizations
Ultraviolet-Visible and Photoluminescence Spectra of RCNR
Cyclic Voltammetry of RCNR Thin Film
The Current Density (J)-Voltage (V) Curves of Fabricated Small Molecule Organic Solar Cells with the Different RCNR:PC60BM Active Layers
Atomic Force Microscopy Spectroscopy of RCNR:PCBM Active Layer
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22
Spirobifluorene-Core Electron-Donor Material for Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Synthetic Route of Spirobifluorene-Based Small Molecule
1-(5-(Thiophen-2-yl)Thiophen-2-yl)Hexan-1-One (2)
5-Bromo-50-Decyl-2,20-Bithiophene (3)
2-(5-(5-Decylthiophen-2-yl) Thiophen-2-yl) -4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-1,3,2-Dioxaborolane (4)
2-(7-Bromo-9,90-Spirobifluorene-2-yl)-5-(5-Hexylthiophen-2-yl) Thiophene (6)
2-(7-(3,5-Bis(Trifluoromethyl)Phenyl)-9,90-Spirobifluorene-2-yl)-5-(5-Hexylthiophen-2-yl)Thiophene (7)
Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Colorimetry Thermo Gram of Spirobifluorene-Based Small Molecule
Optical Properties of RTh-Sp-CF3
UV–Vis and Photoluminescence Spectra of RTh-Sp-CF3
Cyclic Voltammetry of the Spirobifluorene-Based Thin Film
The Current Density (J)-Voltage (V) Curves of Fabricated Organic Solar Cells with the Active Layer of RTh-Sp-CF3:PC61BM
Atomic Force Microscopy Spectroscopy of RTh-Sp-CF3:PC61BM Active Layer
Conclusion
References
Section 2. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Photoanode based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
Chapter 23
Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Materials for a Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Synthesized ZnO Nanostructures
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy
Crystalline, Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures
X-Rays Diffraction Patterns
The Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
UV–Vis Spectrum
Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO Nanostructures Based Dsscs
The Current Density (I)-Voltage (V) of the Fabricated DSSC
Conclusion
References
Chapter 24
Low Temperature Grown ZnO Nanotubes for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of ZnO Nanotubes
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy
Crystalline, Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO Nanotubes
X-ray Diffraction Patterns and UV–vis Spectra
The Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Spectra
Possible Growth Mechanism and the Formation of ZnO Nanotubes
Photovoltaic Performances of ZnO Nanotubes Based DSSCs
The Current (I)-Voltage (V) Cureves of DSSCs Fabricated with ZnO Nanotubes
The Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiencycurves of the DSSCs Fabricated with ZnO Nanotubes
Conclusion
References
Chapter 25
Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets for Solar Cell Application
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy
Crystalline and Optical Characterization of Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets
X-Ray Diffraction Patterns and UV–Vis Spectrum
Structural Properties of Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets
Fourier-Transform Infrared and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets
Possible Growth Mechanism and the Formation of Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets
Photovoltaic Performances of DSSCs Fabricated with Nanospikes Decorated ZnO Sheets Photoanode
The Current Density-Voltage (J-V) Curve and the Incident Photon to Current Conversion Efficiency of the Fabricated DSSC
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26
Tin (Sn) Doped ZnO Nanostructures for the Application of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Sn Doped ZnO Nanostructures
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy
Crystalline and Structural Properties of Sn Doped ZnO Nanostructures
X-Rays Diffraction Patterns and Raman Scattering Spectroscopy
Optical Characterizations of Sn Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Ultra-Violet Diffused Reflectance and Photoluminescence Spectrum
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Sn Doped ZnO Nanostructures
Photovoltaic Performance of DSSCs Fabricated with ZnO and Sn-ZnO Thin Film Electrodes
The Current Density-Voltage (J-V) Characteristics of DSSCs
Conclusion
References
Section 3. Titanium Oxide (TiO2) Photoanode based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
Chapter 27
Crystalline-TiO2 Flowers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of TiO2 Nanoflowers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
The Transmission Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Crystalline and Optical Properties of TiO2 Nanoflowers
X-Rays Diffraction Patterns, Ultra Violet-Diffused Reflectance, and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Structural Studies of TiO2 Nanoflowers
The Raman Spectrum and Raman Mapping
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Schematic Illustration for the Proposed Growth Mechanism of TiO2 Nanoflowers
Charge Transportation and Charge Collection Properties of TiO2 Nanoflowers Based DSSCs
Electrochemical Impedance (EIS), Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMVS) Measurements
Photovoltaic Performance of TiO2 Nanoflowers Thin Film Photoanode-Based DSSC
The Current Density–Voltage (J–V) Characteristics and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE) of the TiO2 NF Thin Film Photoanode Based DSSC
Conclusion
References
Chapter 28
Graphene Oxide (GO) Incorporation in TiO2 Nanofibers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of GO Incorporated TiO2 Nanofibers
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Structural and Crystalline Characterizations of GO Incorporated TiO2 Nanofibers
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
The Raman Spectrum
Photovoltaic Performance of GO Incorporated TiO2 Nanofibers Photoanode-based DSSC
Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
The Incident Photon-To-Current Conversion Efficiency of the TiO2 NF Thin Film Photoanode Based DSSC
The Current Density–Voltage (J–V) Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29
Gel Electrolytes with Titania Nanotube Fillers for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of TiO2 Thin Film
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Structural Characterizations of TiO2 Thin Film
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Photovoltaic Performance of TiO2 Thin Film Photoanode-Based DSSC
The Current Density–Voltage (J–V) Characteristics
Conclusion
References
Section 4. Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
Chapter 30
ZnO Quantum Dots Thin Film for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
The Investigation of the Morphology and the Surface Modifications
Atomic Force Spectroscopy and Contact Angle Measurements
The Transmittances and Sheet Resistance of ITO-PET and Thin Films Substrates
Structural Characterizations of TiO2 Thin Film
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
The Raman Spectrum
Schematic Illustration of the Fabricated ITO-PET/Gr/ZnO-QDs(APjet)/CH3NH3PbI3/Spiro-MeOTAD/ Ag Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell
Photovoltaic Performances of the Fabricated Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
The Current Density–Voltage (J–V) Characteristics and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency (IPCE) of Fabricated Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
The Charge Collection Efficiency and Photoelectron Density Analysis
The Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and the Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMVS)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 31
RF Sputtered Ti Layer for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of Ti Thin Film
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
The Transmittance of Thin Film Substrates
Structural Characterizations of Thin Film Substrate
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
The Performance of the Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell
Current Density (J)–Voltage (V) Measurements and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency
Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
The Charge Collection Efficiency and Photoelectron Density Analysis
The Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMVS)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 32
Conducting Channels of the Hole Transporting Layer to Adjacent Photoactive Perovskite Sensitized TiO2 Thin Films for a Solar Cell
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of CH3NH3PbI3/ITO-PET and PPy/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/ITO-PET Thin Film
The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy
Atomic Force Microscopy
The Line Scan Element Mapping Spectroscopy
Crystalline and Optical Properties of CH3NH3PbI3/FTO and CH3NH3PbI3/mp-anatase-TiO2/bl-TiO2/FTO Thin Films
X-ray Powder Diffraction
UV and Photoluminescence Spectra
Schematic Representation of the Fabricated Ag/PPy/PC61BM/ CH3NH3PbI3/PEDOT:PSS/ ITO-PET Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell
The Performance of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Current Density (J)–Voltage (V) Measurements, Electrochemical Impedance and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency
The Charge Collection Efficiency and Photoelectron Density Analysis
The Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMVS)
Conclusion
References
Chapter 33
Metal Oxide Free Perovskite Solar Cell
Abstract
Introduction
Morphological Studies of CH3NH3PbI3/ITO-PET and PPy/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/ITO-PET Thin Films
Atomic Force Microscopy
The Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Crystalline and Optical Properties of CH3NH3PbI3/ITO-PET and PPy/PC61BM/CH3NH3PbI3/ITOPET Thin Films
X-Ray Powder Diffraction and UV−Vis Spectra
The Performance of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Schematic Representation and the Nyquist Plots of the Fabricated Flexible Perovskite Solar
The Current (J)–Voltage (V) Curve and the Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion Efficiency of the Fabricated Flexible Perovskite Solar Cell
The Charge Collection Efficiency and Photoelectron Density Analysis
The Intensity-Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy (IMPS) and Intensity-Modulated Photovoltage Spectroscopy (IMVS)
Conclusion
References
About the Editors
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