Emerging Issues in Climate Smart Livestock Production: Biological Tools and Techniques

✍ Scribed by Sukanta Mondal (editor), Ram Lakhan Singh (editor)

• Publisher: Academic Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 518
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Emerging Issues in Climate Smart Livestock Production: Biological Tools and Techniques furnishes a detailed reference on livestock sustainability and the role of biotechnology for creating more sustainable livestock production systems. The book is a collection of scientific techniques, including genetic engineering used to modify and improve animals, fishes, and microorganisms for human benefit. The book is particularly attractive for scientists, researchers, students, educators, and professionals in agriculture, veterinary, and biotechnology science. This book promotes several biotechnological approaches that can easily be evaluated in the field for quality assurance programs beneficial to producing livestock products and overall public health.

Biotechnology has the potential to improve the productivity of animals via increased growth, carcass quality and reproduction, improved nutrition and feed utilization, improved food quality and safety, improved animal health and welfare, and reduced waste through more efficient utilization of resources.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Front matter
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
Introduction
Biotechnological tools to enhance sustainable livestock production
Livestock production systems
Sustainable livestock production and food security
Livestock biodiversity and sustainability
Impact of climate change on livestock production
Nanotechnology in animal production
Transgenic animals
Rumen metagenomics
Biotechnology in animal health
Climate change and infectious disease
Biotechnology in animal breeding, genetics, and conservation of genetic resources
Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed utilization
Biotechnology in livestock reproduction
Targeted genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 for livestock improvement
Conclusion
References
2 Biotechnological tools to enhance sustainable livestock production
Introduction
Traits to improve livestock production
Approaches to improve livestock production
Marker-assisted selection
Transgenic approaches
Propagation
Superovulation treatment, estrous synchronization, and embryo collection
Cryopreservation
In vitro fertilization
Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer procedures
Use of growth enhancers
Conclusions
References
3 Global livestock production systems: Classification, status, and future trends
Introduction
Classification of livestock production systems
Solely livestock systems
Landless livestock systems
Grassland livestock systems
Mixed farming systems
Mixed rainfed system
Mixed irrigated system
Distribution of various livestock species under different livestock production systems
Other perspectives on livestock production system classifications
Extensive livestock systems
Labor-intensive livestock systems
Capital-intensive livestock systems
Drivers of livestock production systems
Economic growth
Increasing human population
Urbanization
Technological advances in livestock production
Climate change
Livestock welfare concerns
Conclusion
References
Further reading
4 Sustainable livestock production and food security
Introduction
Livestock farming systems provide food security (Ahmad et al., 2018)
Important consideration about sustainable livestock production
Livestock farming with care
Precision livestock farming
Sustainable livestock production and environment
Sustainable livestock production and human nutrition
Sustainable livestock production and economy
Effects of animal products on human health
Contribution of livestock in the world
Global challenges in sustainable livestock production
Livestock production and climatic changes
Livestock and biodiversity loss
Future demand of sustainable livestock production
Maneuvers to achieve sustainable livestock production for food security
Conclusion and future prospective
References
5 Sustainable livestock production and biodiversity
Introduction
Sustainability and its dimensions
Challenges in global meat production and consumption
Consumption patterns
Global distribution of grassland resources
Conversion of grassland ecosystem into agriculture
Challenges and opportunities for livestock production systems
Managing biomass production
Biodiversity loss
Management of greenhouse gases and climate change
Conclusion
References
Further reading
6 Climate change impact on livestock production
Introduction
Climate change and heat stress
Impact of heat stress on animal health
Effect on feed intake and digestive physiology
Effect on acid-base balance and oxidative stress
Effect on immunity and incidence of disease
Effect of heat stress on production performance
Effect on milk production
Effect on meat production
Effect of heat stress on egg production
Effect of heat stress on reproduction
Effects of heat stress on female reproduction
Effects of heat stress on estrus and sexual behavior
Effect on fertility and pregnancy
The effect of heat stress on the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-ovarian axis
Effect on follicular growth and oocyte development
Effect on fertilization and embryo growth
Effect on fetal development
Effect of heat stress on the postpartum period
Effects of heat stress on male reproduction
Effect on spermatogenesis
Effect on semen quality and characteristics
Other indirect impacts of climate change
Change in the quality and quantity of feed and water
Disease epidemics
Impact on biodiversity
Impact on GHG emissions
Adaptation and mitigation strategies
Physical modification of the environment
Improved nutritional management practices
Animal breeding and genetic selection
Government of India policy on climate change vis a vis animal production
Conclusion
References
References
References
References
7 Nanotechnology in animal production
Introduction
Nanotechnology in boosting animal production
Nanotechnology in disease management and preventing pathogenesis
Nanotechnology in animal breeding and growth
Nanotechnology in treating reproductive problems
Nanotechnology in sterilization of animals
Nanotechnology in reducing transport and storage of animal protein (food packaging)
Food processing nanoapplications
Nanotechnology in livestock
Meat and egg quality
Dairy and milk
Biological waste management through nanotechnology for sustainable animal husbandry and livestock production
Toxicological and environment safety concerns
Conclusion and future outlook
References
8 Transgenic animals
Introduction
Techniques for producing transgenic animals
DNA microinjection
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
Use of transposons
Nuclear transfer method
Sperm-mediated gene transfer
Artificial chromosome-mediated gene transfer
Testis cell transplantation method
Different types of transgenic animals
Mice
Methods for producing transgenic mice
Embryonic stem cell method
Pronucleus method
Types of transgenic mice
Knockout mice
Knock-in mice
Cow
Transgenic fish
Goat
Sheep
Pig
Rabbit
Applications of transgenic animals
Enhancement of milk production
Protection of animals against diseases
Enhancement of nutritional value
Improvement of hair and fiber
Enhancement of growth rates
Reduced environmental impact
Ethics in transgenic animal production
Future prospects
Conclusion
References
9 Potential implications of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in assisted reproductive technology
Introduction
GnRH agonists-antagonists in female livestock
GnRH agonists-antagonists in male livestock
Rodents and GnRH analogues
Female rodents and GnRH analogues
Male rodents and GnRH analogues
Conclusion and future directions
References
References
10 Oxidative stress in modulation of immune function in livestock
Introduction
Role of free radicals in evoking immune responses
Implication of oxidative stress on immune responses in dairy cattle
Immunological reflex in poultry birds on redox burden
Impact of stress on the goat immune system
Sequential effects of oxido-reductive stress in piglets
References
11 Cow urine: Potential resource for sustainable agriculture
Introduction
Composition of cow urine
Diet effects on composition of cow urine
Applications of cow urine
Direct applications
Indirect applications
Panchagavya
Dasagavya
Struvite
Biogas production and biogas spent slurry
Conclusion
References
12 Effect of climate change on vector-borne disease
Introduction
Vector-borne disease (VBD)
Types of VBD transmission
Mosquito-borne diseases
Tick-borne diseases
Climate change and vector
Culex mosquito
Description
Lifecycle
Diseases from culex
Aedes mosquito
Spread of disease and prevention methods
Common feature of the environment for breeding mosquitoes
Anopheles mosquito
Life stages
Eggs
Larvae
Pupa
Adults
Habitat
Susceptibility to become a vector of disease
Culicoides midges
Description
Habitation and behavior
Life cycle
Disease transmit
Ixodes tick
Distribution
Lifecycle
Disease transmission
Malaria
Signs and symptoms
Cause
Life cycle
Recurrent malaria
Diagnosis
Prevention
Epidemiology
Dengue
Symptoms
Clinical course
Cause
Transmission
Predisposition
Diagnosis
Tab tests
Prevention
Vaccine
Epidemiology
Japanese encephalitis
Sign and symptom
Cause
Diagnosis
Prevention
Epidemiology
Blue tongue
Signs and symptoms
Cause
Epidemiology
Livestock management and insect control
Vaccines
Babesiosis
Signs and symptoms
Life cycle
Diagnosis
Transmission
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD)
Signs and symptoms
Transmission
Diagnosis
Prevention and treatment
Risk factor and risk group
Yellow fever disease
Signs and symptoms
Cause
Transmission
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Prevention
Zika virus disease
Signs and symptoms
Cause
Transmission
Diagnosis
Prevention
African horse sickness (AHS)
Transmission
Clinical signs
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Control of the disease
Conclusion
References
13 Role of biotechnology on animal breeding and genetic improvement
Introduction
Animal breeding and biotechnologies
Factors governing genetic gain (DeltaG)
Artificial insemination (AI)
Advantages of artificial insemination
Disadvantage of artificial insemination
Semen sexing
Advantages of semen sexing
Disadvantages of semen sexing
Embryo sexing
Estrus synchronization
Animal cloning
Advantages of animal cloning
Disadvantages of animal cloning
Transgenesis
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and gene mapping
Genome editing biotechnologies transforming the genome at the DNA level
Genome editing technology vs traditional animal breeding
Major constraints on applying biotechnologies in developing countries
Conclusion
References
14 Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed utilization
Introduction
Composition and nutrient requirements of livestock
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Feed of ruminants
Cattle
Sheep
Swine
Feed availability and nutrition
Applications of biotechnology in livestock nutrition
Biotechnology in animal nutrition and feed improvement
Biotechnology in forage breeding
Biotechnology products as feed additives
Role of biotechnology in feed improvement
Feed utilization and rationing
Feed utilization
Biological treatments to improve feed utilization
Bacterial additives
Exogenous enzymes
Biotechnological interventions to improve feed utilization
Bionanotechnology for animal health and feed utilization
Prospects
Conclusions
References
15 Biotechnology in livestock reproduction
Introduction
Artificial insemination (AI)
History of AI
Merits and demerits
Merits
Demerits
Embryo technologies
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
History of embryo transfer
Steps involved in embryo transfer technology
Selection of donor and recipient
Selection of recipient
Superovulation
Insemination
Collection of embryo
Surgical technique
Nonsurgical method
Selection of embryo
Morphological description of embryos
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Unfertilized
Transfer of embryo
Nonsurgical transfer
Surgical transfer
Synchronization of Estrus between donor and recipient
Use of ETT
Limitations of ETT
In vitro maturation, fertilization, and embryo production
Methods for in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF), and culture (IVC)
Oocyte collection from ovum pick up technique
Advantage of OPU
Collection and processing of abattoir ovaries
Recovery/collection of oocytes
Oocyte maturation
In vitro capacitation
In vitro fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes
In vitro culture of in vitro fertilized oocytes
Assessment of cleavage rate and embryo development
Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation and vitrification
Principles of embryo freezing
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Sexing of embryo and sperm
Methods of sex determination
Sexing of sperm
Sexing of embryos
Noninvasive methods
Embryonic sex selection by enzymatic assay
Immunological method (Identification of HY-Ag)
Cytotoxicity assay
Immunological assay
Hormonal assay for sexing blastocyst
Sexing based on cleavage and development
Invasive method
Identification of sex chromatin
Sex chromosome analysis
Biopsy from trophoblast (12-15day embryo)
Biopsy from morulae (6-7day embryo)
Half embryos on day 6-7
Sexing of blastomeres from morulae
Embryo sexing using Y-specific DNA probes
Sexing of embryo by PCR method
Protocol of PCR for embryo sexing
Interpretation
Advantages of tube method
Sperm sexing
Cloning
Methods of cloning
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
Applications of animal cloning
Limitations
Transgenesis
Methods for producing transgenic animals
Pronuclear microinjection
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
Nuclear transfer method
Transfection of gametes
Artificial chromosome-mediated gene transfer
Testis cell transplantation method
Lentiviral transfer of oocytes and zygotes
Chimera generation by injecting pluripotent cells
Applications of transgenic animals
Stem cell technology
Characteristics of stem cells
Types of stem cells
Adult stem cells
Characterization of adult stem cells
Differentiation of adult stem cells
Normal differentiation
Plasticity or transdifferentiation of adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
Culture of embryonic stem cells
Characterization of adult stem cells
Application of stem cells
Challenges and way forward
References
16 Targeted genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 for livestock improvement
Introduction
Genome editors
Meganucleases (MNs)
Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs)
Transcription activator-like effector endonucleases (TALENs)
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and associated proteins (Cas)
CRISPR/Cas9 system
Journey of CRISPR/Cas9 system from its discovery to development as a genome editing tool
Subtypes of CRISPR/Cas system
CRISPR/Cas9 system components
CRISPR array
Cas9
Guide RNA
PAM sequences
Mechanism of action
Acquisition or adaption phase
CRISPR RNA processing
Interference or targeting
Application of CRISPR/Cas9 in livestock improvement
Disease-resistant livestock
Improved performance of livestock
Animal welfare
Production of allergen-reduced/free and enriched animal-derived products
Biomedical research
Conclusions and prospects
References
17 Stem cell technology: Application in animal health and livestock production
Introduction
Stem cell biology
Characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells
Mesenchymal stem cell culture
Mesenchymal stem cell characterization
Therapeutic delivery of mesenchymal stem cells
Translational medicine and bovine stem cells
Cartilage
Mammary gland
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
Adult mammary stem cells
Germ cell transfer technique to livestock production
Applications of germ cell transplantation in livestock
Transgenesis
Common techniques used for transgenic animal generation
Recombinant retroviruses
Pronuclear injection
Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning (SCNT)
Routes of transplantation of stem cells
Autologous route of transplantation (AUTO transplant)
Allogeneic route of transplantation (ALLO transplant)
Xenogeneic route of transplantation (XENO transplant)
Types of xenotransplant rejections
Hyperacute rejection
Acute humoral xenograft rejection
Adaptive immune response
Chronic rejection
Stem cell therapy application in veterinary medicine
Future aspects of stem cells and regeneration in veterinary science and translation to human health
Conclusion
References
18 Way forward for sustainable livestock sector
Introduction
Importance of livestock production
Adverse effect of climatic change on livestock production
Role of livestock sector in climate change
Way forward
Promotion of resilient livestock production
Mitigation approaches in animal husbandry practices
Capacity building and knowledge management
Reducing heat/thermal stress by ensuring animal comfort
Removing nutritional stress by increasing feed and fodder availability and their utilization
Improve feeding strategy
Reducing water stress by increasing availability
Excavate ditch for rainwater harvesting
Modifications in livestock production and management systems
Nutrigenomics and precision nutrition
Enteric fermentation
Carbon sequestration
Better manure management (e.g., composting)
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index
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