Emerging Energy Materials: Applications and Challenges

✍ Scribed by Nair G.B., Nagabhushana H., Dhoble N.S., Dhoble S.J. (ed.)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2024
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 262
• Series: Series in Materials Science and Engineering
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Emerging Energy Materials: Applications and Challenges guides the reader through materials used in progressive energy systems.
It tackles their use in energy storage across solar, bio, geothermal, wind, fossil, hydrogen, nuclear, and thermal energy. Specific chapters are dedicated to energy reaping systems currently in development. This book contributes to the current literature by highlighting concerns that are frequently overlooked in energy materials textbooks. Awareness of these challenges and contemplation of possible solutions is critical for advancing the field of energy material technologies.
Key features:
· Provides up-to-date information on the synthesis, characterization, and a range of applications using various physical and chemical methods.
· Presents the latest advances in future energy materials and technologies subjected to specific applications.
· Includes applied illustrations, references, and advances in order to explain the challenges and trade-offs in the field of energy material research and development.
· Includes coverage of solar cell and photovoltaic, hydro power, nuclear energy, fuel cell, battery electrode, supercapacitor and hydrogen storage applications.
This book is a timely reference for researchers looking to improve their understanding of emerging energy materials, as well as postgraduate students considering a career within materials science, renewable energy and materials chemistry.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Series in Materials Science and Engineering
Emerging Energy Materials: Applications and Challenges
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Section I. Energy Storage Devices and Energy Conversion Devices
1. Basics and Design of the Supercapattery: An Energy Storage Device
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is a Supercapattery?
1.3 Building Blocks of a Supercapattery
1.3.1 Battery (Li-ion Battery)
1.3.1.1 Electrode Material for Batteries
1.3.2 Types of Supercapacitors
1.3.2.1 EDLC
1.3.2.1.1 Electrode Materials for EDLCs
1.3.2.2 Pseudocapacitor
1.3.2.2.1 Electrode Materials for Pseudocapacitators
1.3.2.3 Hybrid Capacitor
1.4 Preparation of the Electrode Materials
1.4.1 Hydrothermal Method
1.4.2 Electrodeposition Method
1.4.3 Chemical Bath Deposition
1.5 Fabrication of Supercapattery
1.5.1 Types of Combination
1.5.2 General Procedure of Design-in Process
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Rare-Earth Doped Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Background
2.3 Types of Fuel Cells
2.4 Operating Principle of SOFC
2.5 Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC)
2.6 Components of SOFC
2.6.1 Anode
2.6.2 Cathode
2.6.3 Electrolyte
2.6.4 Interconnects
2.6.5 Sealants
2.7 Development of Cathodes for SOFC
2.7.1 Perovskite Cathode Materials
2.7.2 K 2 NiF 4 -Type Cathode Materials
2.8 Future Challenges and Work
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Future Materials for Thermoelectric and Hydrogen Energy
3.1 Introduction to Renewable Energy Sources
3.2 Thermoelectric Energy
3.2.1 Thermoelectric Materials
3.2.2 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Film Systems for Thermoelectric Energy
3.2.3 Future Challenges and Future Needs for Thermoelectric Energy
3.2.3.1 Improvement in the Efficiency of Thermoelectric Devices
3.2.3.2 Development of New Materials
3.2.3.3 Scale-Up and Commercialization
3.2.3.4 Integration with Other Energy Systems
3.2.3.5 Improving the Durability and Reliability of Thermoelectric Devices
3.3 Hydrogen Energy
3.3.1 Materials for Hydrogen Production
3.3.2 Hydrogen Storage
3.3.2.1 Metal Hydride
3.3.2.2 Chemical Hydrogen Storage Materials
3.3.2.3 Sorbent Materials
3.3.3 Materials for Hydrogen Detection
3.3.4 Future Challenges and Future Needs for Hydrogen Energy
3.3.4.1 Cost Reduction
3.3.4.2 Infrastructure Development
3.3.4.3 Safety
3.3.4.4 Durability and Stability
3.3.4.5 Scalability
3.3.4.6 Integration with Renewable
3.3.5 Conclusion
References
Section II. Phosphors and Luminescent Materials
4. Quantum Cutting in Photoluminescence Downconversion Phosphors
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis Techniques for Quantum-Cutting Phosphors
4.2.1 Solid-State Reaction Method
4.2.2 Wet Chemical Method
4.2.2.1 Sol-Gel Synthesis
4.2.2.2 Main Wet Chemical Method
4.2.2.3 Co-Precipitation Method
4.2.3 Combustion Synthesis
4.2.3.1 Simple Combustion Method
4.2.3.2 Solution Combustion Method
4.3 Single Ion Activated Phosphors
4.3.1 Er3+ Activated Phosphors
4.3.2 Tm3+ Activated Phosphors
4.3.3 Gd3+ Activated Phosphors
4.3.4 Pr3+Activated Phosphors
4.4 Dual Ion Co-Activated Phosphors
4.4.1 Gd3+-Eu3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
4.4.2 Tb3+-Yb3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
4.4.3 Pr3+-Er3+ Co-Activated Phosphors
4.5 Near-Infrared Quantum-Cutting Phosphors
4.5.1 YBO3: Ce3+ Yb3+
4.5.2 Lu2GeO5:Bi3+, Yb3+
4.5.3 NaBaPO4: Bi3+, Er3+
4.6 Conclusion
References
5. Recent Developments in Rare-ŁEarth Doped Phosphors for Eco-Friendly and Energy-Saving Lighting Applications
5.1 Energy-Saving Lighting Systems
5.1.1 History of Lighting
5.2 Phosphor-Converted White Light Emitting Diodes (pc-WLEDs)
5.3 Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors
5.4 Fundamental Aspects of pc-WLEDs
5.4.1 Low-Cost Synthesis
5.4.2 Color Rendering Index (CRI)
5.4.3 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
5.4.4 Thermal and Chemical Stability
5.4.5 Quantum Yield (QY)
5.4.6 Lumen Depreciation
5.4.7 Lifetime
5.5 Literature Survey of pc-WLEDs Phosphors
5.5.1 Spectral Tuning by Host Substitution
5.5.2 Spectral Tuning by Energy transfer
5.5.3 Some Other Rare-Earth Doped Phosphors
5.6 Challenges and Future Advances
5.7 Summary
References
6. Spectroscopic Properties of Rare-Earth Activated Energy-Saving LED Phosphors
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental and Electronic Structure of Rare-Earth Ions
6.3 Principle of Selection Rules
6.4 Basic Aspect of Light Emission by Rare-Earth Activated Phosphors
6.4.1 Light Emission by 4f-4f Transition
6.4.2 Light Emission by 4f-5d Transition
6.4.3 Concentration Quenching
6.5 Rare-Earth Activated Phosphors
6.5.1 SrAl12O19:Dy3+ Phosphor
6.5.2 LiBaB9O15:Eu3+ Phosphor
6.5.3 Y2O2S:Eu3+ Phosphor
6.5.4 Gd2O2SO4:Tb3+ Phosphor
6.6 Energy Transfer from Different Rare-Earth Ions in Eco-Friendly LED Phosphors
6.6.1 Ca8ZnGd (PO4)7: Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
6.6.2 Ca6Y2Na2(PO4)6F2:Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
6.6.3 Ca9Mg(PO4)6F2:Eu2+, Mn2+ Phosphor
6.6.4 Sr3NaSc(PO4)3F:Eu2+,Tb3+ Phosphor
6.7 Conclusion
References
7. Effect of Singly, Doubly and Triply Ionized Ions on Photoluminescent Energy Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spectral Tuning in Photoluminescence (PL)
7.3 Fundamental Aspects of Rare-Earth Activated Materials
7.3.1 5d-4f Emission
7.3.2 4f-4f Emission
7.4 Effect of Singly, Doubly, and Triply Ionized Ions
7.4.1 Eu3+ Doped Na2Sr2Al2PO4Cl9 Phosphor
7.4.2 x mol% Eu(III)-Doped Ca3(1-x-z)Mz(PO4)2Ax
7.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Section III. Photovoltaics and Energy-Harvesting Materials
8. Highly Stable Inorganic Hole Transport Materials in Perovskite Solar Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Device Architecture and Working Principles
8.3 Hole-Transporting Materials
8.4 Inorganic HTMs
8.4.1 Copper Derivatives in HTMs
8.4.1.1 CuI-HTM
8.4.1.2 Copper Oxide
8.4.1.3 Copper Sulphide
8.4.1.4 Copper Thiocyanate (CuSCN)
8.4.2 Nickel Oxide Hole Transporting Materials
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. Metal-Halide Perovskites: Opportunities and Challenges
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Crystal Structure of Perovskite Materials
9.1.2 All Inorganic and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid MHPs
9.1.3 Perovskite-Related Structures
9.2 Synthesis
9.2.1 Hot Injection
9.2.2 Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation (LARP)
9.2.3 Emulsion LARP
9.2.4 Reverse Microemulsion
9.2.5 Polar Solvent-Controlled Ionization
9.3 Applications
9.3.1 Perovskite Solar Cells
9.3.2 Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes
9.3.3 Lasers
9.3.4 Photodetectors
9.4 Challenges
9.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10. Solar Cells with Recent Improvements and Energy-Saving Strategies for the Future World
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solar Energy: A Major Opportunity for Society
10.3 Fundamental Aspects of Solar Cells
10.3.1 Construction and Working Principle
10.3.2 Basic Terms Related to Solar Cells
10.3.2.1 Short Circuit Current (Jsc)
10.3.2.2 Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)
10.3.2.3 Solar Cell Fill Factor (FF)
10.3.2.4 Solar Cell Efficiency
10.3.2.5 External and Internal Quantum Efficiency
10.4 Types of Solar Cells
10.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
10.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
10.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
10.5 Emerging Materials for Solar Cells
10.6 Research Advances and Future Plans
10.7 Summary
References
Section IV. Sensors and Detectors
11. Energy-Saving Materials for Self-Powered Photodetection
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Types of Photodetectors
11.1.2 Performance Parameters
11.1.3 Photo-Sensing and Self-Powering Mechanism(s)
11.2 Multifarious Effects as Energy-Saving Boosters
11.2.1 Piezoelectric Effect
11.2.2 Pyroelectric Effect
11.2.3 Triboelectric Effect
11.3 Energy-Saving Materials for Self-Powered Photodetectors
11.3.1 Non-2D Materials
11.3.2 2D Materials
11.4 Conclusion
References
Index