Elementary Textbook on Physics: Oscillations and Waves, Optics, Atomic and Nuclear Physics

✍ Scribed by G. S. Landsberg (Ed.)

• Publisher: Mir Publishers
• Year: 1989
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 575
• Series: Elementary Textbook on Physics 03
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Front Cover
Front Jacket
Title Page
Contents
Preface to the First Russian Edition
Part One Oscillations and Waves
Chapter 1 Mechanical Vibrations Basic Concepts.
1.1. Periodic Motion. Period
1.2. Oscillatory Systems. Free Oscillations
1.3. Pendulum Kinematics of Oscillations
1.4. Vibrations of a Timing Fork
1.5. Harmonic Oscillations. Frequency
1.6. Phase Shift
1.7. Dynamics of Pendulum Oscillations
1.8. Formula for the Period of a Simple Pendulum
1.9. Elastic Vibrations
1.10. Torsional Vibrations
1.11. Effect of Friction. Damping
1.12. Forced Vibrations
1.13. Resonance
1.14. Effect of Friction on Resonance Phenomena
1.15. Examples of Resonance Phenomena
1.16. Resonance Phenomena Induced by an Anharmonic Periodic Force
1.17. The Relation Between the Form and Harmonic Composition of Periodic Oscillations
Chapter 2 Acoustic Vibrations
2.1. Acoustic Vibrations
2.2. Subject of Acoustics
2.3. Musical Tone. Laudness and Pitch
2.4. Tembre
2.5. Acoustic Resonance
2.6. Recording and Reproduction of Sounds
2.7. Analysis and Synthesis of Sound
2.8. Noises
Chapter 3 Electric Oscillations
3.1. Electric Oscillations and Methods of Their Observation
3.2. Oscillatory Circuit
3.3. Mechanical Analogy. Thomson Formula
3.4. Electric Resonance
3.5. Undamped Oscillations. Self-Excited Oscillatory Systems
3.6. Valve Oscillator
3.7. Theory of Oscillations
Chapter 4 Wave Phenomena
4.1. Waves
4.2. Wave Propagation Velocity
4.3. Radiolocation, Hydroacoustic Detection and Sound Ranging
4.4. Transverse Waves in a Cord
4.5. Longitudinal Waves in an Air Column
4.6. Waves on the Surface of a Liquid
4.7. Energy Transfer by Waves
4.8. Reflection of Waves
4.9. Diffraction
4.10. Directional Emission
Chapter 5 Interference of Waves
5.1. Superposition of Waves
5.2. Interference of Waves
5.3. Conditions for Formation of Interference Maxima and Minima
5.4. Interference of Acoustic Waves
5.5. Standing Waves
5.6. Vibrations of Elastic Bodies as Standing Waves
5.7. Free Vibrations of a String
5.8. Standing Waves in Plates and Other Extended Bodies
5.9. Resonance in the Presence of Many Frequencies
5.10. Conditions for a Perfect Sound Emission
5.11. Binaural Phase Effect. Sound Direction Finding
Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Waves
6.1. Electromagnetic Waves
6.2. Conditions for a Perfect Emission of Electromagnetic Waves
6.3. Oscillator and Aerials
6.4. Hertz’ Experiments on Electromagnetic Waves. Lebedev’s Experiments
6.5. Electromagnetic Theory of Light. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves
6.6. Experiments with Electromagnetic Waves
6.7. Popov’s Invention of Radio
6.8. Modern Radio Communication
6.9. Other Applications of Radio
6.10. Propagation of Radio Waves
6.11. Concluding Remarks
Part Two Geometrical Optics
Chapter 7 Light Phenomena: General
7.1. Effects of Light
7.2. Interference of Light. Colours of Thin Films
7.3. Brief Information from the History of Optics
Chapter 8 Photometry and Lighting Engineering
8.1. Radiant Energy. Luminous Flux
8.2. Point Sources of Light
8.3. Luminous Intensity and Illuminance
8.4. Laws of Illumination
8.5. Units of Photometric Quantities
8.6. Brightness of Sources
8.7. Problems of Lighting Engineering
8.8. Appliances for Concentrating Luminous Flux
8.9. Reflectors and Scatterers
8.10. Brightness of Illuminated Surfaces.
8.11. Photometry and Measuring Instruments
Chapter 9 Basic Laws of Geometrical Optics
9.1. Rectilinearity of Wave Propagation
9.2. Rectilinear Propagation of Light. Light Rays
9.3. Laws of Reflection and Refraction of Light
9.4. Reversibility of Light Rays
9.5. Refractive Index
9.6. Total Internal Reflection
9.7. Refraction in a Plane-parallel Plate
9.8. Refraction in a Prism
Chapter 10 Application of Reflection and Refraction of Light for Image Formation
10.1. Light Source and Its Image
10.2. Refraction in a Lens. Focal Points
10.3. Images of Points Located on the Principal Optical Axis of a Lens. Lens Equation
10.4. Applications of the Thin Lens Equation. Real and Virtual Images
10.5. Image of a Point Source and of an Extended Object Formed by a Plane Mirror. Image of a Point Source Formed by a Spherical Mirror
10.6. Focal Point and Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror
10.7. Relation Between the Positions of a Source and Its Image on the Principal Optical Axis of a Spherical Mirror
10.8. Methods of Preparation of Lenses and Mirrors
10.9. Images of Extended Objects Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
10.10. Magnification of Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
10.11. Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors and Lenses
10.12. Optical Power of Lenses
Chapter 11 Optical Systems and Errors
11.1. Optical System
11.2. Principal Planes and Principal Points of a System
11.3. Image Construction in a System
11.4. Magnification of a System
11.5. Drawbacks of Optical Systems
11.6. Spherical Aberration
11.7. Astigmatism
11.8. Chromatic Aberration
11.9. Confinement of Beam Cross Sectionsin Optical Systems
11.10. Lens Aperture
11.11. Brightness of Image
Chapter 12 Optical Instruments
12.1. Projection Optical Instruments
12.2. Photographic Camera
12.3. The Human Eye as an Optical System
12.4. Optical Instruments Outfitting the Eye
12.5. Magnifying Glasses
12.6. Microscopes
12.7. Resolving Power of Microscopes
12.8. Telescopes
12.9. Magnification of Telescopes
12.10. Telescopes in Astronomy
12.11. Image Brightness for Extended and Point Sources
12.12. Lomonosov’s Telescope
12.13. Binocular Vision and Sensation of Depth. Stereoscopes
Part Three Physical Optics
Chapter 13 Interference of Light
13.1. Geometrical and Physical Optics
13.2. Experimental Realization of Interference of Light
13.3. Explanation of Thin Film Colours
13.4. Newton’s Rings
13.5. Calculation of Wavelength of Light with the Help of Newton’s Rings
Chapter 14 Diffraction of Light
14.1. Bundles of Rays and the Shape of Wave Surface
14.2. Huygens’ Principle
14.3. Reflection and Refraction from the Viewpoint of Huygens’ Principle
14.4. Huygens’ Principle in Fresnel Interpretation
14.5. Simple Diffraction Phenomena
14.6. Explanation of Diffraction by Fresnel’s Method
14.7. Resolving .Power of Optical Instruments
14.8. Diffraction Grating
14.9. Diffraction Grating as a Spectral Instrument
14.10. Preparation of Diffraction Gratings
14.11. Diffraction at an Oblique Incidence of Light on a Grating
Chapter 15 Physical Principles of Optical Holography
15.1. Photography and Holography
15.2. Holographic Recording with a Plane Reference Wave
15.3. Obtaining Optical Images by Reconstructing the Wave Front
15.4. Holographing by Opposing Light Beam Method
15.5. Application of Holography to Optical Interferometry
Chapter 16 Polarization of Light. TransverseNature of Light Waves
16.1. Passage of Light Through Tourmaline
16.2. Hypotheses Explaining Observed Phenomena. Polarized Light
16.3. Mechanical Model of Polarization
16.4. Polaroids
16.5. Thinsverse Nature of Light Waves and Electromagnetic Theory of Light
Chapter 17 Electromagnetic Spectrum
17.1. Methods of Investigating Electromagnetic Waves of Different Wavelengths
17.2. Infrared and Ultraviolet Radiation
17.3. Discovery of X-rays
17.4. Effects of X-rays
17.5. X-ray Ihbe
17.6. Origination and Nature of X-rays
17.7. Scale of Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 18 Speed of Light
18.1. First Attempts to Determine the Speed of Light
18.2. Determination of the Speed of Light by Roemer
18.3. Measurement of the Speed of Lightby Rotating-Mirror Method
Chapter 19 Dispersion of Light and Colours ofBodies
19.1. State-of-the-art in Chromatography Before Newton’s Studies
19.2. Main Discovery of Newton in Optics
19.3. Interpretation of Newton’s Observations
19.4. Dispersion of Refractive Indicesfor Different Materials
19.5. Complementary Colours
19.6. Spectral Composition of Light Emitted by Various Sources
19.7. Light and Colours of Bodies
19.8. Absorption, Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
19.10. Coloured Bodies Illuminated by Coloured Light
19.11. Masking and Unmasking
19.12. Colour Saturation
19.13. Colour of the Sky and Dawns
Chapter 20 Spectra and Spectral Regularities
20.1. Spectroscopic Instrumentation
20.2. types of Emission Spectra
20.3. Origin of Different Types of Spectra
20.4. Spectral Laws
20.5. Spectral Analysis Using Emission Spectra
20.6. Absorption Spectra of Liquids and Solids
20.7. Absorption Spectra of Atoms. Fraunhofer Lines
20.8. Investigation of Red-Hot Bodies. Blackbody
20.9. Temperature Dependence of Emission of Red-Hot Bodies. Incandescent Lamps
20.10. Optical Pyrometry
Chapter 21 Effects of Light
21.1. Action of Light on a Substance. Photoelectric Effect
21.2. Laws of Photoelectric Effect
21.3. Light Quanta
21.4. Application of Photoelectric Phenomena
21.5. Photoluminescence. Stokes’ Shift
21.6. Physical Meaning of Stokes’ Shift
21.7. Luminescent Analysis
21.8. Photochemical Action of Light
21.9. The Role of Wavelength in Photochemical Processes
21.10. Photography
21.11. Photochemical Theory of Vision
21.12. Duration of Visual Sensation
Part Four Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Chapter 22 Atomic Structure
22.1. Atoms
22.2. Avogadro’s Constant. Size and Mass of Atoms
22.3. Elementary Electric Charge
22.4. Units of Charge, Mass and Energy in Atomic Physics
22.5. Measurement of Mass of Charged Particles. Mass Spectrograph
22.6. Electron Mass. Velocity Dependence of Electron Mass
22.7. Einstein’s Law
22.8. Mass of Atoms. Isotopes
22.9. Isotope Separation. Heavy Water
22.10. Nuclear Model of Atom
22.11. Energy Levels of Atoms
22.12. Induced Emission of Light. Quantum Generators
22.13. Hydrogen Atom. Peculiarities of Motion of an Electron in an Atom
22.14. Many-Electron Atoms. Origin of Optical and X-Ray Spectra of Atoms
22.15. Mendeleev’s Periodic System of Elements
22.16. Quantum and Wave Properties of Photons
22.17. Fundamentals of Quantum (Wave) Mechanics
Chapter 23 Radioactivity
23.1. Discovery of Radioactivity. Radioactive Elements
23.2. Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-Radiation. Wilson Cloud Chamber.
23.3. Methods of Detecting Charged Particles
23.4. Properties of Radioactive Radiation
23.5. Radioactive Decay and Radioactive Thinsformations
23.6. Applications of Radioactivity
23.7. Accelerators
Chapter 24 Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Power
24.1. Nuclear Reactions
24.2. Nuclear Reactions and Transformation of Elements
243. Properties of Neutrons
24.4. Nuclear Reactions Induced by Neutrons
24.5. Artificial Radioactivity
24.6. Positron
24.7. Application of Einstein’s Law to Annihilation and Pair Formation
24.8. The Structure of Atomic Nuclei
24.9. Nuclear Energy. Energy Sources of Stars
24.10. Uranium Fission. Chain Nuclear Reaction
24.11. Application of Nondecaying Chain Fission Reaction. Atom and Hydrogen Bombs
24.12. Nuclear Reactors and Their Applications
Chapter 25 Elementary Particles
25.1. General Remarks
25.2. Neutrino
25.3. Nuclear Forces. Mesons
25.4. Particles and Antiparticles
25.5. Particles and Interactions
25.6. Detectors of Elementary Particles
25.7. Clock Paradox
25.8. Cosmic Radiation (Cosmic Rays)
Chapter 26 New Achievements in Elementary-Particle Physics
26.1. Accelerators and Experimental Technology
26.2. Hadrons and Quarks
26.3. Quark Structure of Hadrons
26.4. Quark Model and Formation and Decay of Hadrons
26.5. Leptons. Intermediate Bosons. The Unity of All Interactions
Answers and Solutions
Part I Oscillations and Waves
Part II Geometrical Optics
Part III Physical Optics
Part IV Atomic and Nuclear Physics
Conclusion
Index
Back Jacket
Back Cover