Electrophysiological Recording Techniques

✍ Scribed by Robert P Vertes (editor), Timothy Allen (editor)

• Publisher: Humana
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 256
• Edition: 2
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This second edition expands on the previous volume by incorporating state-of-the-art electrophysiological and anatomical methods and their application to the study of several systems of the brain involved in a range of functions. Chapters in this edition cover topics such as the value and difficulty of multi-site recordings using depth or surface electrodes; an assessment of different electrophysiological techniques used in non-human animals and humans; applying single-unit and ensemble recordings to the study of temporal dynamics in cognition; approaches to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings applied to mouse research; recordings of the nucleus reuniens of the ventral midline thalamus; and a comprehensive account of intracranial electroencephalography performed in patients with drug resistant epilepsy. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the type of detail and key advice from specialists needed to obtain successful results in your laboratory. 

Comprehensive and thorough, Electrophysiological Recording Techniques, Second Edition is a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians to help them utilize the principles and research designs described herein in their programs.  

✦ Table of Contents

Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: High-Density Electroencephalography in Freely Moving Mice
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Technical Challenges in EEG Electrodes for Freely Moving Mice
2.2 Polyimide-Based Microarray for Mouse High-Density EEG
3 Methods
3.1 Fixation of Microarray
3.2 Recording
3.3 Artifacts and Noises
3.4 Analyzing EEG
3.4.1 Preprocessing
3.4.2 EEG Topography
4 Note on Applications
4.1 Simultaneous Recordings of High-Density EEG and Subcortical Brain Activities
4.1.1 Methodological Considerations of Simultaneous Recording of High-Density EEG and LFP
4.1.2 Comparison of EEG and LFP Signals During SWD
4.2 Use of High-Density EEG in Preclinical Studies
References
Chapter 2: Multisite Recording for the Analysis of Information Flow Between Thalamocortical Regions
1 Introduction
2 Construction of Microdrive for Multisite Recordings
2.1 Tetrode and Microdrive
2.2 Design of Split Bundle
2.3 Recording of the Neural Activity Together with the Animal´s Behaviors
3 Analysis of Multisite Recording Data
3.1 Spectral Coherence Analysis
3.2 Spike-Phase Analysis Across Brain Regions
3.3 Extraction of Instantaneous Phase by the Hilbert Transform
3.4 Spike-Field Coherence Analysis Revealed Phase-Locking of RE Spikes to CA1 Theta
3.5 Comparison of Spike-Phase Locking Between Stem and Nonstem Regions of the Maze
3.6 Signal Directionality Analysis
4 Decoding Analysis to Investigate Populational Representations of Trajectories
4.1 Population Vector-Based Decoding
4.2 Support Vector Machine for Decoding of the Next Trajectory Choice
4.3 Neurons in CA1 and RE Represent the Next Trajectory in the Alternation Task
5 Optogenetic Approach to Confirm the Causality of Information Flow
References
Chapter 3: Rabies Virus Tracing of Monosynaptic Inputs to Adult-Born Granule Cells
1 Introduction: Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis
1.1 Adult-Born Neuron Integration into the Hippocampal Network
2 Materials
2.1 Virus Preparation
2.1.1 Retrovirus Production
2.1.2 Rabies Virus Production
2.2 Animals
2.3 Stereotaxic Injection Standardization
2.4 Rabies Virus Tracing System Validation
2.5 Viral Concentration Standardization
2.6 Histological Analysis
2.7 Electrophysiological Characterization of the Traced Cells
3 Methods
3.1 Mapping Adult-Born Neuron Circuitry
3.2 Starter and Traced Cells Analysis
3.3 Physiological Characterization of the Traced Cells
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Nucleus Reuniens: Circuitry, Function, and Dysfunction
1 Introduction
2 Organization of the Thalamus
3 Organization of the Midline Thalamus
3.1 Nucleus Reuniens: Circuitry
3.1.1 RE Output
3.1.2 RE Input
3.2 Rhomboid Nucleus: Circuitry
4 Nucleus Reuniens: Functional Properties
4.1 Role of RE in Cognition, Memory, and Executive Functions
4.1.1 Working Memory/Spatial Working Memory
4.1.2 Role of Nucleus Reuniens in Behavioral Flexibility and Executive Function
4.2 Role of RE in Cognition, Memory, and Executive Functions: Neurophysiology
4.3 Role of Nucleus Reuniens in Affective Behavior
5 Role of Nucleus Reuniens in CNS Disorders: Schizophrenia and Epilepsy
5.1 Schizophrenia
5.1.1 Thalamocortical Activity in Schizophrenia
5.1.2 Role of RE in SZ
5.2 Epilepsy
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Event-Related Potentials of the Cerebral Cortex
1 Introduction
2 Generation of Electromagnetic Activity in the Cerebral Cortex
3 Measurement of the Cortical ERP
4 Varieties of the Cortical ERP
5 Models of the Cortical ERP
6 Analysis of the Cortical ERP
6.1 Time Domain Analysis
6.2 Frequency Domain Analysis
6.3 Spatial Analysis
6.4 Interdependency Analysis
7 Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Assessing Neural Circuit Interactions and Dynamics with Phase-Amplitude Coupling
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Methods
3.1 Data Preprocessing
3.1.1 Epoching
3.1.2 Detrending
3.1.3 Denoising
3.2 Exploratory Analysis with the Comodulogram
3.2.1 Frequency Decomposition of Time Series; Obtaining Instantaneous Phase and Amplitude
3.2.2 Quantifying Dependence Between Rhythm Parameters
3.2.3 Assessing Coupling Relatedness with Surrogate Data
3.3 Statistical Testing with PAC
3.4 Interpreting PAC
4 Notes
4.1 Constructing a Surrogate Data Distribution
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Candidate Neural Activity for the Encoding of Temporal Content in Memory
1 Introduction to Time in Memory
1.1 Interval Timing
1.2 Elapsed Time
1.3 Memory for Sequences of Events
2 Neural Representations of Time in Memory
2.1 Ramping Cells
2.2 Time Cells
2.3 Sequence Cells
3 Systems Architecture of Time in Memory
3.1 Hippocampus
3.2 Medial Prefrontal Cortex
3.3 Ventral Midline Thalamus
3.4 Parahippocampal Region
3.5 Medial Septum
3.6 The Need for Simultaneous Multisite Recordings
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Multisite Recording During Memory-Guided Behavior
1 Introduction
1.1 Why Am I Doing This Again? Advantages of Recording from Multiple Brain Regions
1.1.1 Challenges of Neurophysiological Recording in Freely Moving Rodents
1.2 Food Restriction and Rewards
1.3 Three Rules of Task Training: Acclimation, Acclimation, and Acclimation
1.4 The Surgery
1.5 The First Plug-In
1.6 Tetrode Adjustment
1.7 Specifics on How to Perform Multisite Recording
1.7.1 Integrating Neural Recordings with Circuit Manipulations and Behavior
2 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Comparative Tasks for Comparative Neurophysiology
1 Introduction
2 Paradigm: Conditional Associative Learning
2.1 Pre-task Conditions and Behavior
2.2 Instructions and Training
2.3 Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
2.4 Conditioned Response (CR)
2.5 Feedback
2.6 Timing of Paradigm
2.7 Lesions
2.8 Summary of Paradigm Considerations
3 Outcome Measures: Behavioral and Neurophysiological
3.1 Performance
3.2 Response Latency
3.3 Electrophysiological
3.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3.5 Summary of Behavioral and Neurophysiological Outcome Considerations
4 Discussion
References
Chapter 10: Human Intracranial Cognitive Neurophysiology
1 Introduction
1.1 Human Intracranial Clinical Neurophysiology
1.2 Advantages of Human Intracranial Electrophysiology
1.3 The Physiologic Basis of the Intracranial EEG Signal
1.4 Electrode Coverage Determines the Questions That Can Be Asked
1.5 Novel Techniques: Unit Recordings and Related Approaches
1.6 The Bigger (Clinical) Picture
2 Materials
2.1 Subjects: Patient Recruitment and Exclusion
2.2 The Hospital Room and Potential Noise Sources
2.3 Recordings Equipment
2.3.1 Electrodes
2.3.2 Amplifiers
2.3.3 Stimulus Presentation and Synchronization with the Recording System
2.4 Beyond Field Potentials: Recording Single Unit Activity
3 Methods
3.1 Data Extraction and Preprocessing
3.2 Low-Frequency Activity and the Broadband Signal
3.3 Localizing Effects in Time and Space
3.4 Univariate and Multivariate Analytical Approaches: Correlation in Space and Time
3.4.1 Univariate Analyses
3.4.2 Multivariate Analyses
Metrics of Network Connectivity Are Mostly Bivariate Metrics of Interactions
Extracting Task- or Behaviorally Relevant Information from Neuronal Populations Is of Great Interest in Linking Physiology to ...
3.5 From Correlation to Causality: Using Clinical Mapping to Inform Cognitive Experiments
3.6 Available Resources
4 Notes
4.1 Being a Cognitive Neuroscientist on the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit
4.2 What Happens if the Patient Has a Seizure?
4.3 Ethics of Human Intracranial Neurophysiology
4.4 Artifacts in Electrophysiological and Behavioral Data
4.5 Distinguishing Physiologic and Pathologic Activity
4.6 Exceptional Spatiotemporal Resolution: Finding Consistent Effects on the Group Level Despite Heterogenous Intracranial Ele...
4.7 Defining a Good Question for Intracranial Neurophysiology
5 Conclusions
References
Index