Electronics and Microprocessing for Research: You Can Make It

✍ Scribed by David Dubins

• Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publisher
• Year: 2018
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 350
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book is an accompanying textbook for an introductory course in microprocessing. Using the Arduino IDE platform, it explains introductory electronics, programming, microprocessing, and data collection techniques to allow students to start designing and building their own instruments for research projects. The course starts from a beginner level, assuming no prior knowledge in these areas. The format of the book is that of a laboratory manual, which can be used as a stand-alone crash-course for a self-motivated student, or be directly adopted as a course textbook for an elective in a college or university context. This text was originally developed for PHC435 Pharmaceutical Data Acquisition and Analysis, and PHM1138 Electronics for Pharmaceutical Applications at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Toronto. The book includes various fun lab activities that increase in difficulty, and enough theory and practical advice to help complement the activities with understanding.

✦ Table of Contents

Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
Preface
Section 0
Introduction
Course Objectives
Section 1
What is Electricity?
Charge
Voltage
Power
The Generalized Power Law
Resistance
Ohm’s Law
Resistors
Measuring Voltage, Resistance, and Current
Using a Multimeter to Analyze Your Complicated Circuit
Measuring Overall Circuit Power Consumption and Overall Circuit Resistance
Electrical Ground
DC Ground
AC Ground
Different Ground Symbols
Types of Returns
Voltage Sources
Batteries in Series
Batteries in Parallel
Circuit Configurations
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
The Voltage Divider Equation
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
The Current Divider Equation
Calculating Current-Limiting Resistor Values for LEDs
Anode vs. Cathode
Introduction to Switches
Breadboarding
Circuit Diagram Etiquette Example
Activity 1-1
Activity 1-2
Learning Objectives for Section 1
Section 2
Capacitors
Capacitor Circuit Diagram Symbols
Capacitor Ratings
Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Capacitors: Typical Uses
Capacitor Equations
Charging a Capacitor through a Resistor
Discharging a Capacitor through a Resistor
Voltage Divider Design: 10% Rule
Other Options for Delivering Lower Voltage
Datasheet Example
How Hot Will My Chip Get? Heat Dissipation Calculations
Thévenin’s Theorem
Thévenin’s Theorem by Measurement (Using a Multimeter)
Mesh Current Method
Thévenin’s Theorem Method (Theoretical)
Integrated Chips
PDIP/DIP
Surface Mount Technology
Logic Circuits
AND Gate: (e.g. 74HC08)
OR Gate: (e.g. 74HC32)
NOT Gate: (e.g. 74HC04)
Combining Logic Circuits
Activity 2-1
Activity 2-2
Activity 2-3
Learning Objectives for Section 2
Section 3
Introduction to the Arduino Uno Microcontroller
Connecting a Serial LCD Module to the Arduino Uno
Your First Sketch
Basic Programming Concepts
Commenting Your Code
Storing and Accessing Data in Variables
Declaring and Using Variables
Integers
Long Integers
Arduino Global Space, Setup Function, and Loop Function
Float Variables
if…then…else Statements (and Logical Expressions)
Boolean Variables
Boolean Operators
Byte Variables
String and Char Variables
Casting Variable Types
Arrays of Variables
Char Array
Data Types
Defining Programming Loops in Arduino
For Loops
C++ Shorthand Increment Expressions
Do…While Loops
While Loops
For, Do...While, or While?
The Break Command
Switch Case
General Programming Tips
Activity 3-1
Learning Objectives for Section 3
Section 4
Byte Variables and Digital Pins
What is a Digital Pin?
Digital OUTPUT Mode Example
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Example
Digital Input Mode Example
Analog Pins
Using Analog Pins as Digital Output Pins
Analog Read Example
External Analog Reference: AREF Pin
Arduino Pin Conflicts
Arduino Digital and Analog Pins: Summary Tables
The Serial Monitor
The Serial Plotter
Subroutines and Functions
Properties of Functions
Void Functions
Call-by-Value vs. Call-by-Reference
Float Functions
Integer (and other) Functions
Function DOs and DON’Ts
#define and #ifdef Statements
Activity 4-1
Calibrating a Thermistor
Two-Term Exponential Thermistor Equation
Learning Objectives for Section 4
Section 5
Voltage and Current Limitations of the Arduino Uno
Relays
High Side Switching vs. Low Side Switching
Powering a Relay with a Separate Supply
Vin Pin: Arduino Uno
Diodes (P-N Junction, or Rectifier Diodes)
Transistors
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)
NPN Transistors
NPN Transistors in the Active Region
Darlington Pairs
Current Gated vs. Voltage Gated
MOSFETs
N-Channel MOSFET Construction
2N7000 (N-Channel MOSFET)
TRIACs
BT139-600E (TRIAC)
Protecting your Circuit from DC Motors
Protection Diode
Reducing DC Motor Noise with Capacitors
Activity 5-1
Activity 5-2
Parsing Serial Data
Activity 5-3
Learning Objectives for Section 5
Section 6
When “Close Enough” Isn’t Close Enough
How a DC Motor Works
H-Bridge
L298N H-Bridge Motor Driver Module
Stepper Motors
Servo Motors
System Control Strategies
Open-Loop Control
Feed Forward Control
Feedback Control
Relay Switch Strategy
Proportional (P) Controller
Proportional-Integral (PI) Controller
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller
Combining Feedback Strategies
Activity 6-1
Activity 6-2
Activity 6-3
Activity 6-4
Learning Objectives for Section 6
Section 7
Introduction
Open Loop Configuration (Comparator)
Closed Loop Configuration
Buffer
Inverting Amplifier
Biasing the Output of an Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Biasing the Output of a Non-Inverting Amplifier
Differential Amplifier
Summing Amplifier (Inverting)
Summing Amplifier (Non-Inverting)
Summing Amplifier (Non-Inverting) Equations Solved
Negative Voltage?
Solution 1
Solution 2
Op-Amps Can Do Calculus
Signal Attenuation
Activity 7-1
Activity 7-2
Learning Objectives for Section 7
Section 8
Data Filtering
Low-Pass Filters (LPFs)
High-Pass Filters (HPFs)
Higher Order Filters
Band-Pass Filters
Second Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
Operational Amplifiers
Impedance Considerations: Op-Amp Inputs
Impedance Considerations: Op-Amp Output
Measuring Output Impedance
Measuring Input Impedance
Practical Strategies to Reduce Signal Noise
Measuring Noise
Data Smoothing
Mean Filter
Median Filter
Mode Filter
Mean Filter with Threshold Rejection
Data Logging
Arduino TimeLib.h Library
Replacing delay()
Notes about millis()
Logging through the Serial Port
Logging to an External microSD Card
Logic Shifters
Activity 8-1
Activity 8-2
Activity 8-3
Learning Objectives for Section 8
Appendix
Troubleshooting Guide
Troubleshooting Flowchart
Troubleshooting Zones
Serial.print(), Serial.println(), and Serial.write()
Advanced String and Character Manipulation Commands
Additional String Conversion Commands
Arrays of Strings and Arrays of Char Arrays
ASCII Tables
Using Special Characters (Extended ASCII)
String and Char Arrays
Structures
Increment Operators as Array Index Values
Bitwise Operations
Bitwise AND (&)
Bitwise OR (|)
Bitwise NOT (~)
Bitwise XOR (^)
Shifting Bits with “<<” and “>>”
Bitwise Operators: Short Forms
Port Manipulation
Interrupts
Tips to Optimize Sketch Memory
Common Fixed Resistor and Capacitor Values
.ino Files
Thermostat.ino (Section 5)
PID.ino (Section 6)
QuickStats.h (Section 8)
Derivation for Vin(+) (Section 7)
Arduino Uno Pin-out Diagram
List of Abbreviations
Bibliography
Index