Electronics. Analog and Digital

✍ Scribed by Barun Raychaudhuri

• Publisher: Cambridge University Press
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 708
• Category: Library

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Electronics
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Origin of Electronics
1.1 What Is Electronics
1.2 Evolution of Electronics
1.2.1 Revisiting the History
1.2.2 Trends of Development
1.3 Widespread Applications
1.4 Electrons, Electricity and Electronics
1.4.1 Electric Current
1.4.2 Drift Velocity, Mobility and Conductivity
1.4.3 Electron Emission from Metal
1.5 Circuits and Sources
1.5.1 Types of Circuits
1.5.2 Voltage and Current Sources
1.6 Active and Passive Device
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
2 Semiconductor Fundamentals
2.1 Crystalline Solids
2.1.1 Lattice, Basis and Unit Cell
2.1.2 Bravais Lattice and Miller Indices
2.2. Energy Band
2.3 Semiconductors
2.3.1 Electron and Hole
2.3.2 Intrinsic Semiconductor
2.3.3 Doping and Extrinsic Semiconductor
2.3.4 Doping in Compound Semiconductor
2.4 Direct and Indirect Band Gap
2.5 Effective Mass
2.6 Fermi Level, Energy Band and Semiconductors
2.6.1 Energy Band of n-type Semiconductors
2.6.2 Energy Band of p-type Semiconductors
2.7 Equilibrium Carrier Concentrations
2.8. Drift and Diffusion of Carriers
2.8.1 Drift Current Density
2.8.2 Diffusion Current Density
2.8.3 Semiconductor Current Density
2.8.4 Einstein Relation
2.8.5 Continuity Equation
2.9 Hall Effect
2.10 Resistivity and Four-Probe Technique
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 2
3 p–n Junction Diodes
3.1 Fabrication of p–n Junction
3.2 Barrier Formation in p–n Junction
3.2.1 Built-in Potential
3.2.2 Fermi Level in p–n Junction
3.2.3 Energy Band Diagram of p–n Junction
3.3 Forward and Reverse Bias
3.3.1 Unbiased Diode
3.3.2 Forward Biased Diode
3.3.3 Reverse Biased Diode
3.4 Diode Current–voltage Characteristics
3.4.1 Static and Dynamic Resistance
3.4.2 Cut-in Voltage
3.5 Junction Capacitances
3.5.1 Depletion Capacitance
3.5.2 Diffusion Capacitance
3.6 Zener Diode
3.6.1 Zener Breakdown
3.6.2 Avalanche Breakdown
3.6.3 Zener Diode Characteristics
3.6.4 Zener Voltage Regulator
3.7 Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
3.8 Photodiode and Solar Cell
3.9 Metal–Semiconductor Contacts
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 3
4 Diode Applications
4.1 Piecewise Linear Model
4.2 Load Line and Q-Point
4.3 Rectifiers
4.3.1 Half-Wave Rectifier
4.3.2 Full-Wave Rectifier
4.3.3 Bridge Rectifier
4.4 Filters
4.4.1 Capacitor Filter
4.4.2 Inductor Filter
4.5 Clippers
4.5.1 Shunt Clipper
4.5.2 Series Clipper
4.6 Clamper
4.7 Voltage Multiplier
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 4
5 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
5.1 Transistors: n–p–n and p–n–p
5.2 Transistor Operating Principle
5.3 Common-Emitter Configuration
5.3.1 Current Amplification in Transistor
5.3.2 Transistor Current Components
5.3.3 Common-Emitter Output Characteristics
5.3.4 Early Effect
5.3.5 CE Input Characteristics
5.3.6 CE Transfer Characteristics
5.4 Common-Base Characteristics
5.5 Common-Collector Configuration
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 5
6 Transistor Biasing and Amplification
6.1 Load Line and Q-Point
6.2 Transistor Biasing and Stability
6.3 Base Bias
6.4 Emitter–Feedback Bias
6.5 Collector–Feedback Bias
6.6 Voltage-Divider Bias
6.7 Load: DC and AC
6.8 BJT Small Signal Voltage Amplifiers
6.8.1 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier
6.8.2 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
6.8.3 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier
Multiple Choice-type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 6
7 Network Theorems and Transistor
7.1 Thevenin’s Theorem
7.2 Norton’s Theorem
7.3 Other Useful Theorems
7.3.1 Superposition Theorem
7.3.2 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
7.4 Two-Port Model and Hybrid Parameters
7.4.1 Transistor as Two-port Network
7.4.2 Significance of h Parameters
7.5 Transistor Amplifier with h Parameters
7.6 Simplified Hybrid Model
7.7 re-Model and h-Model
7.8 Transistor: Thevenin and Norton Equivalents
7.9 Frequency Dependence of Gain
7.10 Hybrid-Π Model
7.11 Transistor Gain at High Frequency
7.12 Gain and Decibel
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 7
8 Transistor Power and Multistage Amplifiers
8.1 Need for Power Amplification
8.2 Conditions for Power Amplification
8.3 Distortions due to Nonlinearity
8.3.1 Amplitude Distortion
8.3.2 Harmonic Distortion
8.3.3 Intermodulation Distortion
8.4 Amplifier Classes
8.5 Class A Amplifier
8.5.1 Bias for Voltage Amplifier
8.5.2 Resistive Load Power Amplifier
8.5.3 Transformer Coupled Amplifier
8.6 Class B Amplifier
8.7 Push–Pull Amplifier
8.7.1 Class A Push–Pull Amplifier
8.7.2 Class B Push–Pull Amplifier
8.7.3 Crossover Distortion
8.7.4 Class AB Amplifier
8.7.5 Complementary Symmetry Amplifier
8.8 Class C Amplifier
8.9 Multistage Amplifiers
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
9 Field-Effect Transistor (FET)
9.1 ‘Field-Effect’ and ‘Transistor’
9.2 Junction Field-Effect Transistor (JFET)
9.2.1 JFET Current–Voltage Characteristics
9.2.2 JFET Transfer Characteristics
9.3 FET Parameters
9.4 FET versus BJT
9.5 MOSFET
9.5.1 n-Channel Depletion-Type MOSFET
9.5.2 n-Channel Enhancement-Type MOSFET
9.6 FET Model
9.7 FET Biasing
9.7.1 Self-Bias
9.7.2 Drain-Feedback Bias
9.7.3 Gate Bias
9.7.4 Voltage-Divider Bias
9.8 FET Amplifiers
9.8.1 Common-Source (CS) Amplifier
9.8.2 Common-Drain (CD) Amplifier
9.8.3 Common-Gate (CG) Amplifier
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 9
10 Feedback Amplifiers and Oscillators
10.1 Concept of Feedback
10.2 Types of Feedback
10.2.1 Voltage–series Feedback
10.2.2 Voltage–shunt Feedback
10.2.3 Current–series Feedback
10.2.4 Current–shunt Feedback
10.3 Advantages of Negative Feedback
10.3.1 Stability Improvement
10.3.2 Impedance Improvement
10.3.3 Bandwidth Enhancement
10.3.4 Noise Reduction
10.3.5 Reduction of Nonlinear Distortion
10.4 Oscillators
10.4.1 Positive Feedback and Oscillation
10.4.2 Resonant Circuit Oscillators
10.4.3 Colpitts Oscillator
10.4.4 Hartley Oscillator
10.4.5 Wien Bridge Oscillator
10.4.6 Phase-Shift Oscillator
10.4.7 Crystal Oscillator
10.5 Multivibrators
10.5.1 Astable Multivibrator
10.5.2 Monostable Multivibrator
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 10
11 Operational Amplifier
11.1 A Review on Amplifiers
11.2 Features of Op-Amp
11.3 Differential Amplifier
11.4 Common Mode Rejection Ratio
11.5 Diff-Amp to Op-Amp
11.6 Offset Parameters
11.7 Slew Rate
11.8 Linear Op-Amp Circuits
11.8.1 Inverting Amplifier
11.8.2 Noninverting Amplifier
11.8.3 Virtual Short and Virtual Ground
11.8.4 Voltage Follower
11.8.5 Op-Amp Adder (Inverting)
11.8.6 Op-Amp Adder (Noninverting)
11.8.7 Differential Amplifier
11.8.8 Instrumentation Amplifier
11.8.9 Passive and Active Filters
11.8.10 Active Low-Pass Filter
11.8.11 Active High-Pass Filter
11.8.12 Active Band-Pass and Band-Stop Filters
11.9 Nonlinear Op-Amp Circuits
11.9.1 Integrator
11.9.2 Differentiator
11.9.3 Comparator
11.9.4 Schmitt Trigger
11.9.5 Logarithmic Amplifier
11.9.6 Solving Algebraic Equation
11.9.7 Solving Differential Equation
11.9.8 Precision Rectifier
11.10 Op-Amp Waveform Generators
11.10.1 Square Wave Generator
11.10.2 Triangular Wave Generator
11.10.3 Sine Wave Generator
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Projects on Chapter 11
12 IC Technology and Instrumentation
12.1 Integrated Circuit (IC)
12.2 IC Classification
12.3 IC Fabrication
12.4 IC Components: Active and Passive
12.5 Regulated Power Supply
12.6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
12.6.1 Construction of CRO
12.6.2 Working Principle
12.6.3 Electrostatic Focusing
12.6.4 Electrostatic Deflection
12.6.5 Waveform Display
12.6.6 Applications of CRO
12.7 Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical/Analytic Problems
Exercise
13 Digital Principles and Boolean Algebra
13.1 The Digital System
13.1.1 Analog and Digital
13.1.2 Pros and Cons of Digital System
13.2 Number Systems and Conversions
13.2.1 Binary Numbers
13.2.2 Binary to Decimal Conversion
13.2.3 Decimal to Binary Conversion
13.2.4 Octal Numbers
13.2.5 Hexadecimal Numbers
13.3 Digital Codes
13.4 Binary Arithmetic
13.4.1 1’s Complement and 2’s Complement
13.4.2 Radix Complements
13.4.3 Signed Binary Numbers
13.5 Boolean Algebra
13.5.1 OR Operation
13.5.2 AND Operation
13.5.3 NOT Operation
13.5.4 De Morgan’s Theorems
13.6 Boolean Simplification
13.7 Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums
13.7.1 Sum-of-Products (SOP)
13.7.2 Product-of-Sums (POS)
13.8 Karnaugh Map
13.8.1 Don’t Care Conditions
13.8.2 Simplification is not Unique
13.8.3 SOP and POS are Equivalent
14 Combinational Logic Circuits
14.1 Boolean Algebra and Digital Electronics
14.1.1 Combinational and Sequential Logic
14.1.2 Positive and Negative Logic
14.2 Logic Gates
14.2.1 OR Gate
14.2.2 AND Gate
14.2.3 NOT Gate
14.2.4 NOR Gate (Universal Gate)
14.2.5 NAND Gate (Universal Gate)
14.2.6 Bubbled Gates
14.2.7 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate
14.2.8 Timing Diagram
14.3 Logic Families
14.3.1 Transistor–Transistor Logic (TTL)
14.3.2 MOS Logic
14.4 Arithmetic and Logic Circuits
14.4.1 Half Adder
14.4.2 Full Adder
14.4.3 Half and Full Subtractors
14.4.4 Adder–Subtractor
14.4.5 Digital Comparators
14.5 Data Processing Circuits
14.5.1 Multiplexer
14.5.2 Demultiplexer
14.5.3 Decoders
14.5.4 Seven-Segment Display
14.5.5 Encoders
14.5.6 Parity Checker and Generator
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Logical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 14
15 Sequential Logic Circuits
15.1 Clock and Timer
15.1.1 Clock Parameters
15.1.2 Working Principles of IC 555
15.1.3 Astable Multivibrator with IC 555
15.1.4 Monostable Multivibrator with IC 555
15.2 Latch and Flip-Flop
15.2.1 Bistable Multivibrator
15.2.2 RS Flip-Flop with NOR Gates
15.2.3 RS Flip-Flop with NAND Gates
15.2.4 Clocked RS Flip-Flop
15.2.5 D Flip-Flop
15.2.6 JK Flip-Flop
15.2.7 Racing and Propagation Delay
15.2.8 Edgeand Pulse-Triggering
15.2.9 JK Master–Slave Flip-Flop
15.2.10 T Flip-Flop
15.3 Flip-Flop Characterization
15.3.1 Characteristic Equation
15.3.2 State Diagram
15.3.3 Preset and Clear
15.4 Register
15.4.1 Register with Series and Parallel Shifting
15.4.2 Ring Counter
15.4.3 Johnson Counter
15.4.4 Register Applications
15.5 Counters
15.5.1 Asynchronous Counter
15.5.2 Synchronous Counter
15.6 Changing Counter Modulus
15.6.1 Mod-3 Counter
15.6.2 Mod-6 Counter
15.6.3 Mod-5 Counter
15.6.4 Decade (Mod-10) Counter
15.6.5 Decade Counter using Preset-Clear
15.6.6 Applications of the Counter
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
16 Analog–Digital Conversion and Memory
16.1 Why D/A and A/D Conversions
16.2 Binary Equivalent Weight
16.3 Digital-to-Analog (D/A) Conversion
16.3.1 Weighted Resistor D/A Converter
16.3.2 R-2R ladder D/A Converter
16.3.3 D/A Converter Performance
16.4 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Conversion
16.4.1 Flash A/D Converter
16.4.2 Counter-Type A/D Converter
16.4.3 Successive-Approximation A/D Converter
16.5 Memory
16.5.1 Read-Only Memory (ROM)
16.5.2 Random Access Memory (RAM)
16.5.3 Memory Addressing
16.5.4 Memory Read/Write
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Numerical Problems
Exercise
Project Work on Chapter 16
17 Microcomputer and Microprocessor
17.1 Evolution of Computer
17.1.1 Historical Background
17.1.2 Modern Computer
17.2 Computer, Microprocessor and Microcontroller
17.2.1 Computer Organization
17.2.2 Use of Microprocessor
17.2.3 Use of Microcontroller
17.3 Hardware and Software
17.3.1 Operating System
17.3.2 Computer Languages
17.4 Microprocessor 8085
17.4.1 Pin Configuration
17.4.2 Operational Code (Opcode)
17.5 8085 Programming
17.6 Types of 8085 Instructions
17.7 Use of Subroutine
17.8 Arduino Programming
17.8.1 Arduino Board
17.8.2 Arduino IDE
Multiple Choice-Type Questions and Answers
Reasoning-Type Questions and Answers
Solved Examples
Exercise
Bibliography
Index