Electrode Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion

✍ Scribed by Mesfin A. Kebede (editor), Fabian I. Ezema (editor)

• Publisher: CRC Press
• Year: 2021
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 517
• Edition: 1
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and materials used in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, including lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, zinc-ion batteries, supercapacitors and conversion materials for solar and fuel cells. Chapters introduce the technologies behind each material, in addition to the fundamental principles of the devices, and their wider impact and contribution to the field. This book will be an ideal reference for researchers and individuals working in industries based on energy storage and conversion technologies across physics, chemistry and engineering.

FEATURES

• Edited by established authorities, with chapter contributions from subject-area specialists
• Provides a comprehensive review of the field
• Up to date with the latest developments and research

Editors

Dr. Mesfin A. Kebede obtained his PhD in Metallurgical Engineering from Inha University, South Korea. He is now a principal research scientist at Energy Centre of Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa. He was previously an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science at Hawassa University, Ethiopia. His extensive research experience covers the use of electrode materials for energy storage and energy conversion.

Prof. Fabian I. Ezema is a professor at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He obtained his PhD in Physics and Astronomy from University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His research focuses on several areas of materials science with an emphasis on energy applications, specifically electrode materials for energy conversion and storage.

✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. Lithium-Ion Batteries: From the Materials' Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Brief History of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials
1.3 Lithium-Ion Battery and Its Principle of Operation
1.4 Li-Ion Battery Component Materials
1.4.1 Li-Ion Battery Anode Materials, Characteristics, Advantages, and Limitations
1.4.1.1 Lithium Metal
1.4.1.2 Intercalative Anode Materials
1.4.1.2.1 Carbon-Based Anode Materials
1.4.1.2.2 Titanium-Based Anodes
1.4.1.3 Alloying Anode Materials
1.4.1.3.1 Si Alloy Anode Material
1.4.1.3.2 Tin-Based Alloy Anodes
1.3.1.4 Conversion-Type Anode Materials
1.5 Li-ion Battery Cathode Materials, Characteristics, Advantages, and Limitations
1.5.1 Layered Transition Metal Oxides Cathode Material
1.5.1.1 Lithium Cobalt Oxides (LiCoO2)
1.5.1.2 LiMn2O4 Cathode Material
1.5.2 Olivine Transition Metal Phosphates (LiFePO4) Cathode Material
1.5.3 Fluoride-Based Compounds
1.5.4 Polyanionic Compound Cathode Material
1.5.5 Other Transition Metal Oxide Cathode Materials
1.5.5.1 Vanadium-Based Cathode Materials
1.5.5.2 Advanced/Green Cathode Materials
1.6 Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte and Separator Materials
1.6.1 Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Materials
1.6.2 Li-Ion Battery Separator Materials
1.6.3 Other Li-Ion Battery Materials - Conductive Additives, Current Collector, and Binder
1.7 Synthesis and Characterization of Li-Ion Battery Electrode Materials
1.8 Li-Ion Battery Manufacturing
1.8.1 Slurry Preparation
1.8.2 Coating and Drying
1.8.3 Calendaring
1.8.4 Cutting of Electrodes
1.8.5 Cell Assembly
1.8.6 Electrolyte Filling and Formation
1.9 Conclusion and Future Trends
Acknowledgements
References
2. Carbon Derivatives in Performance Improvement of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Battery
2.2.1 LIB Components and Mechanisms of Operation
2.3 LIB Electrodes Materials
2.4 Anode Materials
2.4.1 Carbonaceous Materials
2.4.2 Transition Metal Oxides
2.4.3 Polyanions
2.4.4 Metalloid/Metal Materials
2.5 Cathode Materials
2.5.1 Spinel Oxides
2.5.2 Phosphates
2.5.3 Silicates
2.5.4 Borates and Tavorites
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3. Current Status and Trends in Spinel Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spinel LiMn2O4 and LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Cathode Materials
3.2.1 Spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO)
3.2.1.1 Substitution of Mn-Ion by Transition Metal Ions
3.2.1.2 The Control of Morphology
3.2.2 LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO)
3.2.2.1 X-Ray Powder and Neutron Powder Diffraction for LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Cathodes
3.3 Conclusion
References
4. Zinc Anode in Hydrodynamically Enhanced Aqueous Battery Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Zinc Anode in Still-Aqueous Electrolyte: The Modus Operandi
4.2.1 The Conventional Zinc-Ion Batteries (ZIBs)
4.2.1.1 Zinc Anode
4.2.1.2 Cathode
4.2.1.3 Electrolyte
4.2.2 Storage Mechanisms of Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries
4.2.2.1 Insertion/Extraction of Zn2+ Reaction
4.2.2.2 Dual Ion Co-Insertion/Extraction
4.2.2.3 Chemical Conversion Reaction
4.2.3 Challenges Facing Batteries Utilizing Zinc Anode in Still-Electrolytes
4.2.3.1 Dendrite Formation
4.2.3.2 Zinc Corrosion
4.2.3.3 Passivation
4.2.3.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER)
4.3 Optimization of the Performances of Zinc Anode Battery Systems
4.3.1 Structural Design towards High-Performing Zinc Anode
4.3.2 Interfacial Modification between the Anode and Electrolyte
4.3.3 The Use of Electrolyte Additives
4.3.4 Incorporation of Hydrodynamics into Zinc-Ion Battery System
4.4 Types of Flow Batteries Utilizing Zn Anode and Their Performances
4.4.1 Types of Zinc Flow Batteries
4.4.1.1 Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery
4.4.1.2 Zinc-Nickel Flow Battery
4.4.1.3 Zinc-Iron Flow Battery
4.4.1.4 Zinc-Air Flow Battery
4.4.2 Performances of Zinc Flow Batteries
4.5 Areas Where Zinc Flow Batteries Have Been Applied
4.5.1 Power Quality Control
4.5.2 Incorporating with Renewable Energy Sources
4.5.3 Electric Vehicles (EVs)
4.6 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
5. Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Devices
5.1 General Introduction
5.2 Supercapacitors
5.2.1 Classifications of Supercapacitors
5.2.2 Electrolyte for Supercapacitor
5.2.3 Advanced Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor
5.3 Li-Ion Capacitors
5.3.1 Electrolyte for LICs
5.3.2 Recently Developed Electrode Materials for LICs
5.4 Battery
5.4.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs)
5.4.1.1 Electrolyte for LIBs
5.4.1.2 Electrode Materials of Current Interest for LIBs
5.4.2 Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIBs)
5.4.2.1 Rationale of SIBs for Energy Storage
5.4.2.2 Physical Principles of SIBs
5.4.2.3 Electrolytes Materials for SIBs
5.4.2.4 Electrode Materials for SIBs
5.5 Summary and Future Prospects
References
6. Li6PS5X (X = Cl, Br, or I): A Family of Li-Rich Inorganic Solid Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Battery
6.1 Introduction
6.2 History of Solid-State Batteries
6.3 Mechanism of Ion Transport in Solid Electrolytes
6.4 Sulphide-Based Solid Electrolytes
6.5 Persisting Challenges Encountered and Possible Solution
6.5.1 Physical Contact between Electrolyte and Electrodes
6.5.2 Electrochemical Interfacial Reactions
6.5.3 Cathode Active Material/TSE Interface
6.5.3.1 Intercalation Cathode/TSE Interface
6.5.3.2 Conversion Cathode/TSEs Interface
6.5.4 Li-Metal Anode/TSEs Interface
6.5.5 Lithium Dendrites and Li-Metal Protection
6.6 Fundamentals of Argyrodite Electrolyte
6.7 Argyrodites for ASSBs
6.7.1 Argyrodite with X = Cl (Li6PS5Cl)
6.7.2 Argyrodite with X = Br (Li6PS5Br)
6.7.3 Argyrodite with X = I (Li6PS5I)
6.8 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
7. Recent Advances in Usage of Cobalt Oxide Nanomaterials as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theoretical Overview of Supercapacitors
7.2.1 Supercapacitor Performance
7.3 Electrode Materials
7.4 Synthesis and Performance of Co3O4
7.4.1 Coprecipitation Method
7.4.2 Hydrothermal Method
7.4.3 Sol Gel Method
7.4.4 Chemical Bath Deposition Method (CBD)
7.4.5 Electrodeposition
7.5 Co3O4-Based Nanocomposites
7.5.1 Co3O4/Carbon Composites
7.5.2 Co3O4/Graphene Composites
7.5.3 Cobalt Oxide (Co3O4)/Conducting Polymer
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8. Recent Developments in Metal Ferrite Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Forms of Energy
8.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems
8.3 Metal Ferrite for Supercapacitor Applications
8.4 Manganese Ferrite
8.5 Cobalt Ferrite
8.6 Copper Ferrite
8.7 Nickel Ferrite
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9. Advances in Nickel-Derived Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitor
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods of Synthesizing MOF-Based Supercapacitor
9.2.1 Powder Preparation
9.2.1.1 Direct Powder Synthesis
9.2.1.2 Powder Synthesis Using MOF-Template
9.2.2 Device Assembly
9.2.2.1 Deposition
9.3 Advances and Optimizations in Ni-Based MOF Supercapacitor
9.3.1 Pristine Ni-Based MOFs
9.3.2 Derived Ni-Based MOFs/Composites
9.3.2.1 Metal Oxide/Hydroxide
9.3.2.2 Mixed Metal (Bimetallic/Ternary) MOFs
9.3.3 Hybrid Ni-MOF Supercapacitors
9.4 Challenges
9.5 The Future of MOF-Based Energy Supercapacitor
References
10. The Place of Biomass-Based Electrode Materials in Next-Generation Energy Conversion and Storage
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biomass and Its Carbon Derivations
10.2.1 Biomass Reserve
10.2.2 Methods of Carbon Derivation from Biomass
10.2.2.1 Pyrolysis
10.2.2.2 Activation
10.2.2.3 Hydrothermal Carbonization
10.2.2.4 Functionalization of Hydrothermal Carbons
10.3 Applications of Biomass-Based Electrode Materials
10.3.1 Applications in Fuel Cells
10.3.1.1 Electrocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reaction
10.3.2 Applications in Li Batteries
10.3.3 Applications in Supercapacitors
10.3.4 Advantages of Biomass-Based Electrode Materials over Other Sources
10.3.5 The Place of Biomass-Based Electrode Materials in Next-Generation Energy Conversion and Storage
10.4 Conclusion and Future Outlooks
Acknowledgements
References
11. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Graphene
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nanostructures of Carbon
11.3 Graphene Layer, Graphene Oxide (GO), and Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Synthesis
11.4 Electrochemical Applications of Graphene and Reduced Graphene Oxide
11.4.1 Graphene-Based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
11.4.2 Graphene-Based Battery Electrodes
11.4.3 Innovative Features Associated with Graphene Electroactive Material
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
12. Dual Performance of Fuel Cells as Efficient Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Working Principle of Fuel Cells
12.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fuel Cells
12.4 Classifications of Fuel Cells
12.4.1 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs)
12.4.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
12.4.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
12.4.4 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
12.4.5 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs)
12.4.6 Photocatalytic Fuel Cells (PFCs)
12.4.7 Solid Acid Fuel Cells (SAFCs)
12.4.8 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs)
12.4.9 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs)
12.5 Dual Functions of Fuel Cells
12.5.1 Fuel Cells as Energy Harvesters
12.5.2 Fuel Cells as Energy Storage Systems
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. The Potential Role of Electrocatalysts in Electrofuel Generation and Fuel Cell Application
13.1 Introduction and Background
13.2 Electrofuels and Pathways: Power-to-x
13.2.1 Power-to-Hydrogen (H2): H2-Based Synthetic Fuel
13.2.2 Power to Liquid Fuels (Methanol and Ethanol): C1-C2-Based Synthetic Fuels Using Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
13.3 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology
13.3.1 Preparation of AC and Pd-Based Nanocatalysts
13.3.2 Application of the Green Prepared Nanocatalysts: MEA Fabrication and Cell Performance Tests
13.4 Application of the Nanomaterials Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion: Carbon Dioxide Reduction
13.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
13.5.1 Recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
14. Reliability Study of Solar Photovoltaic Systems for Long-Term Use
14.1 Introduction
14.2 PV Technology Description
14.3 Different Technologies Used in PV Systems
14.3.1 Crystalline Silicon
14.3.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
14.3.3 Copper Indium Selenide (CIS)
14.3.4 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS)
14.4 Performance Analysis of PV Modules
14.5 Degradation Analysis of PV Modules
14.6 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) for PV Systems
14.7 Conclusions and Future Projections
References
15. Physical Methods to Fabricate TiO2 QDs for Optoelectronics Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Device Fabrication
15.2.1 Solar Cell
15.2.1.1 Organic Solar Cell (OSC)
15.2.1.2 Inorganic Solar Cell
15.2.1.3 Perovskite Solar Cell
15.2.2 Memory Devices
15.2.3 Transistor Devices
15.2.4 Gas Sensor
15.3 Characterization Technique
15.4 Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties of TiO2 QDs
15.5 Mechanism of TiO2 QD Formation
15.6 Challenges and Possible Enhancement of TiO2 QD-Based Device
15.7 Feature Scope
15.8 Conclusion
References
16. Chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method to Fabricate CdO Thin Films for TCO Applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Application of TCOs
16.3 Experimental Details
16.4 Results and Discussion
16.4.1 XRD and Surface Morphology Studies
16.4.2 Optical Studies
16.4.3 Non-linear Optical Studies
16.4.3.1 Physical Mechanisms of Optical Non-Linearities in Undoped CdO Thin Films
16.4.3.2 Non-linear Refraction
16.4.3.3 Non-linear Absorption
16.4.4 Electrical Studies
16.5 Conclusion
References
17. Photovoltaic Characteristics and Applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Semiconductors
17.3 The P-n Junctions
17.4 Materials Used for the Construction of Photovoltaic Cells
17.5 Photovoltaic Panel or Module
17.6 Types of Photovoltaic Panels
17.6.1 Classification based on Materials and Manufacturing Methods
17.6.1.1 Gallium Arsenide
17.6.1.2 Cadmium Telluride
17.6.1.3 Copper Indium diselenide
17.6.1.4 Perovskite Materials
17.6.1.5 Organic/polymer Materials
17.6.1.6 Quantum dots
17.6.1.7 Dye-sensitized Materials
17.6.2 Classification based on final shape
17.6.2.1 Monocrystalline Panels
17.6.2.2 Polycrystalline Panels
17.6.2.3 Amorphous Panels
17.6.2.4 Amorphous Silicon Panels
17.6.2.5 Tandem Panels
17.7 Factors Influencing Conversion Performance
17.8 Factors Affecting the Performance of Photovoltaic Panels
17.9 Ways of Regulating the Variables That Affect the PV Panel's Performance
17.10 Conclusion
References
18. Comparative Study of Different Dopants on the Structural and Optical Properties of Chemically Deposited Antimony Sulphide Thin Films
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Materials and Methods
18.2.1 Materials
18.2.2 Method
18.2.3 Growth Mechanism of CuSb2 Thin Films
18.3 Results and Discussion
18.3.1 Structural Analysis
18.3.2 Optical Analysis
18.4 Conclusion
References
19. Research Progress in Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Bismuth Oxide
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Phases and Properties
19.3 Synthesis Methods
19.4 Applications
19.4.1 Energy Storage
19.4.2 Bi2O3-Based Composite Electrodes
19.4.3 Bi2O3-Based Battery Electrodes
19.5 Conclusion
References
20. Earth-Abundant Materials for Solar Cell Applications
20.1 Basic Concepts of Earth-Abundant Materials
20.2 Some Earth-Abundant Solar Cell Materials
20.2.1 Manganese
20.2.2 Iron
20.2.3 Nickel
20.2.4 Sulphur
20.2.5 Tin
20.2.6 Barium
20.2.7 Chalcogenides
20.2.8 Metallic Sulphides
20.2.9 Quaternary Compounds
20.3 Synthesis Methods of Earth-Abundant Materials
20.3.1 Plasma-Assisted Techniques
20.3.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD)
20.3.3 Sputtering
20.3.4 Electrochemical Deposition (ECD)
20.3.5 Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR)
20.3.6 Chemical Synthesis
20.3.7 Sulphurization Technique
20.3.8 Sol-Gel Method
20.3.9 Spray pyrolysis
20.3.10 Thermal evaporation
20.4 Conclusion
References
21. New Perovskite Materials for Solar Cell Applications
21.1 Introduction of Perovskite Solar Cells
21.2 Organic-Inorganic Perovskite Materials
21.2.1 Methylammonium Lead Halide, CH3NH3PbX3
21.2.2 Methylammonium Tin Halide, CH3NH3SnX3
21.3 Chalcogenide Perovskite Materials
21.3.1 Cesium Lead Iodide, CsPbI3
21.3.2 Barium Zirconium Sulphide, BaZrS3
21.4 Double Perovskite Oxides (DPOs)
21.5 Lead-Free Perovskites
21.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
22. The Application of Carbon and Graphene Quantum Dots to Emerging Optoelectronic Devices
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Graphite
22.3 Device Fabrication
22.3.1 Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)
22.3.2 Electrochemical Energy Storage System
22.3.2.1 Electrochemical Battery
22.3.2.2 Electrochemical Capacitor
22.3.3 MIMO for LTE and 5G Antenna
22.3.4 Transistor Devices
22.4 Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of CDs and GQDs
22.5 Characterization Technique of CDs and GQDs
22.6 Synthesis of CDs and GQDs
22.6.1 Bottom-Up
22.6.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Technique
22.6.1.2 Microwave Irradiation Technique
22.6.2 Top-Down
22.6.2.1 Chemical Oxidation Technique
22.6.2.2 Thermal (Vacuum) Evaporation
22.7 Conclusion
References
23. Solar Cell Technology: Challenges and Progress
23.1 Introduction
23.2 First-Generation Solar Cells: Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
23.2.1 Back-Surface Field Solar cells
23.2.2 High-Efficiency cells
23.2.2.1 Passivated Emitted and Rear Cell and Passivated Emitted Rear Locally Diffused Cell
23.2.2.2 PERT, TOPCon, and Bifacial Cells
23.2.2.3 Inter-Digitated Back Contact Cell
23.2.2.4 Heterojunction Solar Cells
23.3 Second-Generation Solar Cells: Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells
23.3.1 Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) and Microcrystalline Silicon (mc-Si)
Advance and Challenges in a-Si Thin-Film Solar Cells
23.3.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Thin-Film Solar Cells
23.3.2.1 Advances and Challenges in CdTe Thin-Film Solar Cells
23.3.3 Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide (CIGS)
23.3.3.1 Advances and Challenges of CIGS Thin-Film Solar Cells
23.4 Third-Generation Solar Cells: Emerging Solar Cell Technologies
23.4.1 Polymer Solar Cells
23.4.1.1 Origin of the Electrical Conductivity and Band Gap in Conjugated Polymers
23.4.1.2 Working Principle of Organic Solar Cells and Efficiency Limiting Factors
23.4.1.3 The Bulk Heterojunction Concept
23.4.1.4 Morphology of Active Layer of BHJ Organic Solar Cells
23.4.1.5 Advances and Challenges in Organic Solar Cells
23.4.1.6 Stability: Challenges of Organic Solar Cells
23.4.1.6.1 Factors Affecting Stability of OSCs
23.4.1.6.2 Mechanism to Improve Stability of OSCs
23.4.2 Perovskite Solar Cells
23.4.2.1 Evolution of Perovskite Solar Cells Device Structure
23.4.2.1.1 Liquid Electrolyte Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
23.4.2.1.2 Solid-State PSCs with Mesoporous TiO2 Scaffold
23.4.2.1.3 Meso-Superstructured PCSs Based on Non-Injecting Oxides
23.4.2.1.4 Planar Heterojunction
23.4.2.2 Progress in Fabrication Techniques and Stability Of PSCs
23.4.2.3 Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells: Challenge to Commercialization
23.5 Future Outlooks
References
24. Stannate Materials for Solar Energy Applications
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Solar Energy Harvesting
24.3 Solar Energy Harvesting and Photovoltaic (PV) Cells (Solar Cells)
24.4 Current Technology
24.5 Types of Solar Cells
24.5.1 Semiconductor Solar Cells
24.5.2 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
24.5.3 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)
24.5.4 Spinel Oxide Solar Cells
24.6 Crystal Structures of Spinels and Perovskites Stannates
24.6.1 Crystal Structures: Spinel
24.6.2 Crystal Structure: Perovskite
24.6.3 Band Structure
24.7 Doped Stannates
24.8 Peculiarities/Properties of the Stannates
24.8.1 Barium Stannate (Barium Stannic Oxide), Barium Tin Oxide BaSnO3 (or BSO)
24.8.2 Strontium Stannate (Strontium Stannic Oxide), (Strontium Tin Oxide), SrSnO3 (SSO)
24.8.3 Zinc Stannate or Zinc Stannic Oxide (ZSO) or Zinc Tin Oxide (ZTO)
24.9 Methods of Synthesis
24.9.1 Thin Films
24.9.2 Metal Oxide Thin Films
24.10 Conclusion
References
Index