Electroactive Polymeric Materials

✍ Scribed by Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A Gobouri

• Publisher: CRC Pr I Llc
• Year: 2022
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 361
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

Electroactive polymers are smart materials that can undergo size or shape structural deformations in the presence of an electrical field. These lightweight polymeric materials possess properties such as flexibility, cost-effectiveness, rapid response time, easy controllability (especially physical to electrical), and low power consumption.

Electroactive Polymeric Materials examines the history, progress, synthesis, and characterization of electroactive polymers and then details their application and potential in fields including biomedical science, environmental remediation, renewable energy, robotics, sensors and textiles.

Highlighting the flexibility, lightweight, cost-effective, rapid response time, easy controllability, and low power consumption characteristics of electroactive polymers, respected authors in the field explore their use in sensors, actuators, MEMS, biomedical apparatus, energy storage, packaging, textiles, and corrosion protection to provide readers with a powerhouse of a reference to use for their own endeavors.

Features:

• Explores the most recent advances in all categories of ionic/electroactive polymer composite materials

• Includes basic science, addresses novel topics, and covers multifunctional applications in one resource

• Suitable for newcomers, academicians, scientists and R&D industrial experts working in polymer technologies

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✦ Table of Contents

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1 State-of-the-art and Perspectives for Electroactive Polymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Types of Electroactive Polymer
1.2.1 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
1.2.1.1 Dielectric Elastomers
1.2.1.2 Ferroelectric Polymers
1.2.1.3 Electrostrictive Graft Elastomer
1.2.1.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers
1.2.2 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
1.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
1.2.2.2 Ionic Polymer Gels
1.2.2.3 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite
1.2.2.4 Conducting Polymers
1.3 Polyaniline
1.4 Polythiophene
1.5 Polypyrrole
1.6 Polyacetylene
1.7 Outlook and Future Perspectives
References
2 Overview of Electroactive Polymers: Types and Their Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conducting Polymers
2.2.1 Stimuli-Responsive Applications
2.2.2 Energy Applications
2.2.3 Electrocatalysis and Sensor Applications
2.3 Polyelectrolyte Gels
2.3.1 Applications for Polyelectrolyte Gels
2.4 Liquid Crystal Polymers
2.4.1 Applications for Liquid Crystal Polymers
2.5 Piezoelectric Polymers
2.5.1 Applications for Piezoelectric Polymers
2.6 Final Remarks
References
3 Properties of Electroactive Polymers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Electroactive Polymeric Materials
3.2.1 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
3.2.2 Ion Gels
3.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
3.2.4 Polymer Dots
3.2.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
3.2.6 Conductive Polymers
3.2.7 Bistable Electroactive Polymers
3.2.8 Ferroelectric Polymers
3.2.9 Dielectric Elastomers
3.2.10 Polymer Electrets
3.2.11 Electrostrictive Polymers
References
4 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Intelligent Electroactive Polymers
4.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers
4.4 Conductive Electroactive Polymers
4.4.1 Polyaniline
4.4.2 Polypyrrole
4.4.3 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
4.4.4 Functionalized Conducting Polymers
4.5 Applications
4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5 History and Progress of Electroactive Polymers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background
5.3 Types of Electroactive Polymer
5.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
5.3.1.1 Conducting Polymers
5.3.1.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
5.3.1.3 Ionic Polymer Gels
5.3.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
5.3.1.5 Electrorheological Fluid
5.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
5.3.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers
5.3.2.2 Liquid Crystal Polymers
5.3.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers
5.3.2.4 Electrostrictive Graft Polymers
5.4 Comparative Study of Ionic and Dielectric Electroactive Polymers
5.5 Application Areas for Electroactive Polymers
5.6 Electroactive Polymers for Biomedical Applications
5.7 Conclusions and Future Scope
References
6 Electroactive Polymers for Smart Window Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Relevant Physical Parameters
6.3 Smart Windows
6.4 Conductive and Conjugated Polymers
6.5 Polymer Doping
6.6 Main Types of Electrochromic Conjugated Polymers
6.6.1 Electrochromic Polythiophenes
6.6.2 Electrochromic Polypyrrole
6.6.3 Electrochromic Polyaniline
6.6.4 Electrochromic Polycarbazoles
6.6.5 Electrochromic Copolymers
6.7 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
7 Systematic Investigation of the Revolutionary Role of Electroactive Polymers in Modifying Microelectromechanical Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methods
7.2.1 Search Strategy
7.3 Broad Categorization of Electroactive Polymers
7.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
7.3.1.1 Polymeric Gels
7.3.1.2 Conducting Polymers
7.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
7.3.1.4 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites
7.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
7.3.2.1 Electrostrictive Elastomers
7.3.2.2 Ferroelectric Polymers
7.3.2.3 Dielectric Elastomers
7.4 Microelectromechanical Systems as Revolutionizers
7.5 Microelectromechanical Systems: Commercially Significant Applications
7.5.1 Microcooling
7.5.2 Microelectromechanical System-Based Microscopy
7.6 Electroactive Polymer-Based Microelectromechanical Systems and Energy Harvesting
7.7 Challenges and Conclusions
References
8 Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
8.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers for Sensors
8.2.1.1 Capacitive Sensors
8.2.1.2 Triboelectric Sensors
8.2.2 Piezoelectric Polymers for Sensors
8.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensors
8.3.1 Conducting Ionic Polymer Gels for Sensors
8.3.2 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites for Sensors
8.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes for Sensors
8.4 Summary
References
9 Conductive Electroactive Polymers in Electrocatalysis and Sensing Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Sensing Applications
9.2.1 Conducting Polymers: Synthesis and Applications
9.2.1.1 Polyaniline
9.2.1.2 Polypyrrole
9.2.1.3 Polythiophene
9.2.1.4 Poly-amidoamine
9.2.1.5 Polymerized Ionic Liquids and Other Conducting Polymers
9.2.2 Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds
9.2.3 Conducting Polymers as Sensor Modifiers for Cancer Detection
9.2.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Carbon Nanocomposites
9.3 Electrodeposition Methods for Conductive Polymers
9.3.1 Potentiodynamic Electropolymerization
9.3.2 Potentiostatic Electropolymerization
9.3.3 Galvanostatic Electropolymerization
9.4 Biopolymer-Based Conducting Nanocomposites
9.4.1 Polylactide
9.4.2 Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Electroactive Polymers for Artificial Muscles
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electroactive Polymers
10.2.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
10.2.1.1 Polymer Gels
10.2.1.2 Conductive Polymers
10.2.1.3 Ionic Polymer–metal Composites
10.2.1.4 Carbon Nanotubes
10.2.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
10.2.2.1 Dielectric Elastomers
10.2.2.2 Electrostrictive Polymers
10.2.2.3 Piezoelectric Polymers
10.2.2.4 Ferroelectric Polymers
10.2.2.5 Liquid Crystal Elastomers
10.3 Applications for Electroactive Polymer-Based Artificial Muscles
10.4 Conclusions and Outlook
References
11 Electroactive Polymers for Electrochromic Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Classification of Electrochromic Organic Materials
11.2.1 Conjugated Conductive Polymers
11.2.1.1 Polyanilines
11.2.1.2 Polythiophenes
11.2.1.3 Polypyrrole
11.2.1.4 Polycarbazoles
11.2.1.5 Polyamides
11.2.2 Viologen-Based Electrochromes
11.3 Conductive Composite Films
11.3.1 Metal Coordination Complex-Based Composite Films
11.3.2 Composites with Carbon Nanomaterials
11.3.3 Metal Oxide Composite Films
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
12 Electroactive Polymers for Batteries
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History
12.2.1 Batteries
12.2.2 Polymers
12.3 Synthesizing Polymeric Films
12.4 Polymers as Redox Materials
12.5 Electrochemical Aging of Conducting Polymers
12.6 Impedance Spectroscopy as a Characterization Method
12.7 State of the Art
12.7.1 Pristine Polymers
12.7.2 Composite Materials
12.8 the Next Challenges
References
13 Electroactive Polymeric Membranes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification
13.3 Electroactive Polymer Membranes
13.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Sensing
13.3.1.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing
13.3.1.2 Conducting Polymer-Based Sensors
13.3.1.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Free-standing Membrane
13.3.1.4 Conducting Polymer-Based Trilayer Structure
13.3.2 Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite-Based Sensors
13.3.3 Ionic Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors
13.3.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers for Sensing
13.3.4.1 Introduction to Electronic Electroactive Polymers
13.3.4.2 Dielectric Elastomer-Based Sensors
13.3.5 Liquid Crystal Polymer-Based Sensors
13.3.6 Piezoelectric Polymer-Based Sensors
13.4 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Drug Delivery
13.5 Electroactive Polymer Membranes for Tissue Regeneration Applications
13.5.1 Conducting Polymers
13.5.2 Polypyrrole
13.5.3 Polyaniline
13.5.4 Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)
13.6 Electroactive Polymer Membrane for Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Applications
References
14 Electroactive Polymers for Environmental Remediation
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Environmental Concerns Related to Electroactive Polymer Fabrication
14.2.1 Environmentally Friendly Fabrication of Electroactive Polyvinylidene Fluoride
14.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
14.3 Application of Electroactive Polymers to Remediate Environmental and Energy Issues
14.3.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuators with Low Energy Consumption
14.3.2 Application of Conducting Polymers in Environmental Remediation
14.3.3 Application of Piezoelectric Polymers in Environmental Remediation
14.3.4 Energy Harvesting from Environmental Energy Resources
14.3.5 Application of Dielectric Electroactive Polymers in Nanogenerators
14.3.6 Ionic Electroactive Polymers in Anticorrosion Applications
14.4 Conclusions
References
15 Electroactive Polymers for Space Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Space Environment
15.3 Electroactive Polymers
15.4 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
15.5 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
15.6 Electroactive Polymers in Space
Applications
15.6.1 Electroactive Polymer Actuator That Drives a Dust Wiper for a Camera Lens
15.6.2 Dielectric Elastomers for Actuation of Large Lightweight Mirrors
15.6.3 Jumping Rover for Mars
15.6.4 Particle Distribution Mechanisms in Space
15.7 Robotics Applications
15.7.1 Humanoids
15.7.2 Artificial Insects and Worms
15.7.3 Human Support in Space Suits
15.8 Electroactive Polymers for Aerospace Applications
15.9 Aircraft Morphing Applications
15.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
16 Electroactive Polymers in Industry
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Electroactive Polymers
16.2.1 Classification of Electronic Electroactive Polymers
16.2.2 Classification of Ionic Electroactive Polymers
16.3 Electroactive Polymers in Industry
16.4 Applications in Industry
16.4.1 Electroactive Polymer-Based Sensors and Actuators in Microelectromechanical Systems
16.4.1.1 Microgripper Microactuator Array
16.4.1.2 Microrobot
16.4.2 Electroactive Polymers for Micro and Nanoscale Actuators and Sensors Using Thermoplastic Nanoimprint Lithography
16.4.2.1 Imprinting of P(vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene-Chlorofluoroethylene) Terpolymer
16.4.3 Gold Nanoparticle-doped Electroactive Polyimide as a Chemiresistor Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide
16.4.3.1 Evaluation of Fabricated Sensor for Hydrogen Sulfide
16.4.3.2 Quality Analysis of the Sensor
16.4.4 Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration, Wound Healing, Medical Research, and Pharmaceutical Industries.
16.4.4.1 Biological Response of Electroactive Polymers to Electrical Stimulation
16.4.4.2 Application of Different Types of Electroactive Polymers in Tissue Regeneration
16.4.4.3 Conducting Polymers
16.4.4.4 Piezoelectric Polymers
16.4.4.5 Polyelectrolyte Gels
16.4.4.6 Challenges When Employing Electroactive Polymers for Tissue Regeneration
16.4.5 Electroactive Polymers as Important Tools in Biomimetics
16.4.6 Electroactive Polymers as Energy Harvesting Power Generators
16.4.6.1 Background
16.4.6.2 Development of Water Mill Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscles Generator
16.4.6.3 Current and Future Trends in Wave Power Generators
16.4.7 Diaphragm Actuator Arrays for Haptic Displays
16.4.8 Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries in Electronics
16.4.9 Electroactive Polymers in the Manufacture of Electroacoustic Transducers
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Need for Electroactive Polymers in Biomedicine
17.3 Types of Electroactive Polymers and Their Mechanisms
17.3.1 Mechanism of Action of Electroactive Polymers
17.4 Processed Electroactive Polymer Products
17.4.1 Two-Dimensional Coatings (Blends, Composite, and Hybrids)
17.4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Processing Blends
17.4.1.2 Composites
17.4.2 Three-dimensional Materials (Artificial Muscles and Actuators)
17.4.3 Porous Materials as Scaffolds
17.5 Applications of Electroactive Polymers in Medicine
17.5.1 Electroactive Polymers That Assist Cell Functions: Tissue Engineering
17.5.2 Electroactive Polymers to Target Drugs and Biological Molecules: Drug Delivery
17.5.3 Electroactive Polymers in Antimicrobial Activity
17.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
18 Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Technology
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Significance of Electroactive Polymers
18.3 Classification of Electroactive Polymers
18.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers
18.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers
18.4 Application of Electroactive Polymers in Packaging
18.4.1 Lunch Box Packaging
18.5 Properties of Electroactive Polymers for Packaging Applications
18.5.1 Properties of Gas Barriers
18.5.2 Mechanical, Chemical, and Thermal Properties
18.5.3 Biodegradability
18.5.4 Moisture Barrier Properties
18.6 Conclusion
References
19 Electroactive Polymers for Drug Delivery
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conducting Mechanism
19.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers
19.3.1 Polyaniline
19.3.2 Polypyrrole
19.3.3 Polythiophene
19.4 Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymers
19.4.1 Biosensors
19.4.2 Tissue Engineering
19.4.3 Drug Delivery
19.5 Smart Drug Delivery
19.5.1 Polyaniline-Based Drug Delivery
19.5.2 Polypyrrole-Based Drug Delivery
19.5.3 Polythiophene-Based Drug Delivery
19.6 Conclusion
References
Index