ELECTRIMACS 2022: Selected Papers – Volume 1

✍ Scribed by Serge Pierfederici, Jean-Philippe Martin

• Publisher: Springer
• Year: 2023
• Tongue: English
• Leaves: 617
• Series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 993
• Category: Library

✦ Synopsis

This book collects a selection of papers presented at ELECTRIMACS 2021, the 14th international conference of the IMACS TC1 Committee, held in Nancy, France, on 16th-19th May 2022. The conference papers deal with modelling, simulation, analysis, control, power management, design optimization, identification and diagnostics in electrical power engineering. The main application fields include electric machines and electromagnetic devices, power electronics, transportation systems, smart grids, renewable energy systems, energy storage like batteries and supercapacitors, fuel cells, and wireless power transfer. The contributions included in Volume 1 will be particularly focused on electrical engineering simulation aspects and innovative applications.

✦ Table of Contents

Preface to Electrimacs 2022, Volume 1
Contents
Part I Control and Power Management of Electrical Systems
Performance Analysis of a Hardware in the Loop Based Emulation of a Naval Propulsion System Associated with Supercapacitor Energy Storage
1 Introduction
2 System Description and Modeling
2.1 Propeller Modeling
3 Experimental Results
4 Conclusion
References
Real-Time Simulation of an Electric Ship in Normal and Faulty Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Design Methodology
3 Model and Parameters
3.1 General View of the Case Study
3.2 pms
3.3 fc and DC/DC Converter
3.4 Battery and DCDC Reversible Converter
3.5 dc Bus
3.6 DC/AC Converter and Motor
3.7 Ship and Propeller
3.8 Pilot
3.9 Short Circuit
4 Results
4.1 Evaluation of the Model on 30 min Travel
4.2 Faulty Study
5 Conclusion
References
Neural Network Model for Aggregated Photovoltaic Generation Forecasting
1 Introduction
2 Data Sources for the Model
2.1 Meteorological Data
2.2 Photovoltaics Plant Information
2.3 Historical Photovoltaic Energy Generation Data
3 Performance Metrics
4 Neural Network Model Description
4.1 Data Preparation
4.2 Naïve Approach
4.3 Convolutional Neural Network Approach
5 Results
6 Conclusions
References
Electrification of River Freight: Current Status and Future Trends in Europe
1 Introduction
2 Inland Freight Boats Technical Constraints
2.1 Boats Technical Constraints
2.2 River Transport Regulations
2.3 Economic Constraints
3 Reducing River Freight Emission
3.1 Alternative Fuel Boats
3.2 Battery-Electric River Freight Vessels
3.3 Hybrid Electric River Freight Vessels
4 Discussion
4.1 Key Challenges
4.2 Current Trends
5 Conclusion
References
Average Model-Based Sliding Mode Control Schemes of Bidirectional Boost DC-DC Converters
1 Introduction
2 Modeling and Conventional PI Controllers
2.1 Modeling and Representation
2.2 Conventional PI Controllers
3 Proposed Average Model-Based Sliding Mode Control Schemes
3.1 Single-Stage Sliding Mode Control Scheme
3.2 Cascade Sliding Mode Control Scheme
3.2.1 Voltage Control (Outer Loop)
3.2.2 Currrent Control (Inner Loop)
3.2.3 Control Parameters Determination
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
References
Voltage Unbalance Compensation of Flying Capacitor Based on a Dynamic Pulse Width Modulation Applied to a Flying Capacitor Leg Inverter
1 Introduction
2 N-Level Generic PWM Scheme for Flying Capacitor Topology
2.1 PWM Flying Capacitor Model
2.2 Solution Set
2.3 Boundaries Expression for the Solution Set
3 Average Model of 3-Level FC Inverter
4 Average Model of 5-Level FC Inverter
5 Margins of the Degrees of Freedom λ
5.1 Margins of λ1
5.2 Margins of λ2
5.3 Margins of λ3
5.4 Influence of the D.O.F on Dynamic Behaviour of Floating Capacitor Voltages
5.5 Simulation
6 Conclusion
References
Control Strategy for Orbital O2 Tidal System Based on EMR Model
1 Introduction
2 Orbital O2 Integrated into Orkney Grid
3 Control Strategy Based on EMR
3.1 Rotor Side Control (RSC)
3.2 Grid Side Control (GSC)
4 Marine Current Profile and EMR Model Results
5 Conclusions
References
A Hybrid Fourier and Wavelet-Based Method for the Online Detection and Characterization of Subsynchronous Oscillations
1 Introduction
2 Hybrid SSO Detection and Characterization
2.1 Outline of the Proposed Hybrid Method
2.2 Fast Fourier Transform
2.3 Wavelet Analysis
3 Numerical Results
3.1 SSO Detection and Characterization
3.2 Computation Time Performance
4 Conclusion
References
Optimal Sizing for Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Sources Under Reliability and Energy Performance Indexes
1 Introduction
2 Optimal Design Approach Based on Imbricated Architecture
3 Imbricated Optimisation Loops
3.1 External Optimisation Loop
3.2 Internal Optimisation Loop
3.2.1 Energy Consumption Module
3.2.2 Reliability Module
4 Simulation Results and Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Compliance Evaluation of WTG and WPP Controllers for Self and Black Start Operation
1 Introduction
2 System Description
3 Operational and Stability Requirements
4 Simulation Test Cases
5 HVAC Connected WTG Control
6 Compliance Evaluation
6.1 Off-Shore AC Grid Start-Up Operation
6.2 Off-Shore HVAC Substation Energisation
6.3 HVAC Export Cable Energisation
7 Conclusions
References
Experimental Study of the Cold Start Capabilities of a Closed Cathode PEM Fuel Cell
1 Introduction
1.1 Shut Down Strategies
1.2 Cold Start Strategies
2 Experimental Methods
2.1 Experimental Setup
2.2 Testing Procedure
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Successful Cold Start
3.2 Failed Cold Start
4 Conclusion
References
Part II Modelling and Simulation of Power Electronics Systems
Discussion on Classification Methods for Lifetime Evaluation of a Lab-Scale SiC MOSFET Power Module
1 Introduction
2 From the Module Failure Study to the Signature
2.1 SiC MOSFET Based Power Modules
2.2 Possible Failure Mechanisms
2.3 How to Constitute a Relevant Failure Signature?
3 Classification of a 10-Dimension Signature
3.1 Reduction of the Signature
3.2 Classification with SVM and kNN Using S3 and S10
3.3 With the Neural Network
4 Discussion on the Lifetime Evaluation of a New Module
4.1 Test of Cubic SVM, Fine kNN and Neural Network Approach on Data from a New Module
4.2 How to Interpret the Classification of the Neural Network Model?
5 Conclusion
References
Dielectric Material Significance on Common Mode Transient Immunity of a Shielded Pulse Planar Transformer
1 Introduction
2 Pulse Transformer Illustration
2.1 Pulse Transformers in Gate Drivers
2.2 Pulse Transformer Design
3 Pulse Transformer Model Simulation Analysis
3.1 Simulation Technique
3.2 Pulse Transformer Electronic System
3.3 Simulation of Dielectric Material Relevance
4 Experimental Verification
4.1 Experimental Arrangement
4.2 CMTI Experimental Results
5 Conclusions
References
Transient Modeling and Simulation of Power Converter Including Parasitic Elements
1 Introduction
2 Modeling Methodology
2.1 Bond Graph Modeling
2.2 Model of Power Switches
2.3 Model of Transmission Lines
3 Modeling of a Buck Converter
3.1 General Studied System
3.2 Parasitic Elements
3.3 Power Transmission Lines
3.4 Model of the Whole System
4 Simulation of the System
4.1 Time Response
4.2 Frequency Response
4.3 Time-Frequency Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Enhanced Static and Dynamic Modeling of a Series-Series Inductive Power Transfer System with a Buck Post-Regulator
1 Introduction
2 PR-IPTS Static Modeling Based on FHA
2.1 Series-Series PR-IPTS
2.2 FHA-Based System-Level Static Modeling
3 PR-IPTS Dynamic Modeling Based on CMT
3.1 IPT Stage Dynamic Modeling
3.2 PR-IPTS System-Level Dynamic Modeling
3.3 Digital Controller Design
4 Experimental Tests
5 Conclusions
References
Design and Optimization of a Post-Regulated Inductive Power Transfer System with a Series-Series Compensation
1 Introduction
2 PR-IPTS Static Modeling Based on FHA
2.1 PR-IPTS with Series-Series Compensation
2.2 PR-IPTS Static Modeling
3 Static Model Predictions
3.1 Compensation Capacitors Selection
3.2 PR-IPTS Sensitivity Analysis
4 PR-IPTS Controllability Verification
5 Experimental Results of PR-IPTS Prototype
6 Conclusions
References
PWM-Induced Current Modelling in Stator Slots with Multiple Stacked Coils
1 Introduction
2 Stacked Coils Sharing the Same Magnetic Circuit
2.1 Generic Problem
2.2 Study Case of Two Stacked Coils
3 LF Electrical Model and Losses Assessment
3.1 LF Electrical Equivalent Circuit
3.2 Application to the Case of Study
3.3 LF Losses Assessment
4 Investigation of the Control Degrees of Freedom on the PWM-Induced Losses
4.1 PWM Harmonic Based Model
4.2 Synthesis
5 Conclusion
References
Current Sensor Fault Tolerant Control for a Synchronous Machine Based on Stator Current Estimation
1 Introduction
2 System Description
3 Fault Detection in Current Sensors
3.1 Fault Detection Algorithm
3.2 Fault Isolation
3.3 Reconfiguration
4 Current Sensorless Control
4.1 Model of the Machine
4.2 Stator Current Estimation
5 Simulation Study
6 Experimental Results
7 Conclusions
References
Investigating and Modeling the Soft Switching Losses of IGBTs Under Zero Current Switching Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Test Bench and Measurement Procedure
3 Turn Off Energy Loss Behaviour
3.1 Influence of the Maximum Collector Current
3.2 Influence of Zero Current Phase Duration
3.3 Influence of the Magnetizing Inductance
4 Stored Charge Model
5 Conclusion
References
Design and Control of a Synchronous Interleaved Boost Converter Based on GaN FETs for PEM Fuel Cell Applications
1 Introduction
2 IBC4 Prototype Overview
2.1 Synchronous IBC4 Architecture
2.2 Control Architecture
3 Digital Control Considerations
3.1 Digital PWM Signals Generation
3.2 High Resolution PWM (HRPWM) Signals
3.3 Sensors Bandwidth and Propagation Delay
3.4 Real-Time Management of Critical Tasks
3.5 Digital Compensator Selection
4 Reverse Current Protection in DCM
4.1 Conduction Mode Detection Algorithm
4.2 Gate Drive Considerations
5 Conclusions
References
Electromagnetic Transient Modeling of Power Electronics in Modelica, Accuracy and Performance Assessment
1 Introduction
2 Power Electronic Models in Modelica
2.1 Nonideal Diode Model
2.2 Ideal Diode Model
2.3 Nonideal IGBT Model
2.4 Ideal IGBT Model
2.5 Three-Phase Three-Level Converter Model
2.6 Three-Phase Two-Level Converter Model
2.7 Single-Phase Two-Level Converter Model
2.8 SPWM Generator (3-Level)
3 Model Verification and Validation
3.1 Three-Phase Three-Level Converter Model
3.2 Short-Circuit Simulation
3.3 Single-Phase Two-Level Converter
4 Conclusions
References
Fuse on PiN Silicon Diode Monolithic Integration for New Fail-Safe Power Converters Topologies
1 Introduction
2 Components Design Procedure
2.1 Fuse Characteristics and Design
2.2 Fuse-on-Diode Design Approach
3 Simulations Results
3.1 Case 1- Fuse Conductive and Diode Off-State
3.2 Case 2- Fuse Open and Diode On-State
3.3 Case 3- Fuse Open and Diode Off-State
4 Experiments and Results
4.1 Cut-off Tests
5 Conclusion
References
Part III Microgrids and Smart Grids
A Distributed Secondary Control for Autonomous AC Microgrid Based on Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems
1 Introduction
2 Studied System
3 SoC Balancing and Voltage/Frequency Regulation in a Fully Distributed Architecture Controller
3.1 Graph Theory and Distributed Control Based on Consensus
3.2 DESSs SoC Balancing and Voltage/Frequency Regulation
4 Proposed Fully Distributed Control for RESs and DESSs Coordinated Operation
5 Simulation Results
5.1 Test 1: Typical Day Operation
5.2 Test 2: Communication Network Failure
6 Conclusions
References
Behavioural Modelling of Multi-MW Hybrid PV/Diesel Modular Power Plant
1 Introduction
2 Methodological Approach
2.1 Data Collection and Classification
2.2 Correlation Between the PV Production and the Irradiance (W/m2)
2.3 PV Power Conditioning Performance as a Function of Irradiance
2.4 Thermoelectric Generator Behaviour Modelling
3 Behavioural Model Validation
4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
References
Simulation and Operation Analysis of a Smart Grid Using Simulink
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Selected Solver
2.2 Development Issues
2.3 Possible Causes
2.3.1 Solver Settings
2.3.2 The Combination of Breakers and Dynamic Loads
2.4 Possible Solutions
2.4.1 Changing the Breakers with Variable Resistors
2.4.2 Composite Block Simulation
2.4.3 Commenting Breakers in/out Using a MATLAB Script
3 Case Study and Results Discussion
3.1 Medium Voltage Distribution Network Power Flows
4 Conclusions
References
Modelling and Optimization of Power Allocation and Benefit Sharing in a Local Energy Community
1 Introduction
2 Collective Self-Consumption
2.1 Energy Allocation and Bill Computation
3 Management Method of an Energy Community
3.1 Energy Management Strategy
3.2 Energy Allocation Through Keys of Repartition
3.2.1 KoR1: Identical Repartition
3.2.2 KoR2: Prorate Consumption
3.2.3 KoR3: Limit Individual Energy Prices
4 Result Analysis
4.1 Case Study
4.2 Managing the Energy Community
4.2.1 Energy Management Strategy
4.2.2 Keys of Repartition
5 Conclusions
References
Social Data to Enhance Typical Consumer Energy Profile Estimation on a National Level
1 What Is Profile Estimation
2 Social Media Data
2.1 Twitter
2.2 Social Data Collection
2.2.1 Explore Data
3 Validation
3.1 Modeling
4 Conclusions
References
Small Signal Stability Study for Island Distributed Generation System Controlled by IDA-PBC-IA and Power Decoupled DroopControl
1 Introduction
2 Foreword on Small-Signal Stability Analysis of a Distributed Generation Microgrid
3 Local Stability Analysis in a Microgrid with Two Distributed Generation Units
3.1 Small Signal Modelling of the Studied Micro-Grid
3.2 Modelling of Power Control Laws in Small Signals
3.3 Modelling of the Internal Control
3.4 Load Modeling
3.4.1 Linear Load (RL)
3.4.2 Constant Power Load (CPL)
3.5 Sensitivity Analysis (Modal Analysis)
3.5.1 Influence of Droop Control Parameters
3.5.2 Influence of Passive System Elements on System Stability
4 Conclusion
References
MANA-Based Load-Flow Solution for Bipolar DC Microgrids
1 Introduction
2 Description of BDCMGs
3 Proposed MANA Formulation
3.1 Modelling of Bipolar DGs
4 Case Study
4.1 Effect of Line Resistances
4.2 Effect of Droop Coefficients
5 Conclusion
References
Analysis and Assessment of a Commercial Microgrid Laboratory Platform
1 Introduction
2 Microgrid Laboratory Prototype Description
3 Microgrid Test Protocols
3.1 Test Protocol for the EMS Inverters of the Prosumers
3.2 Test Protocol for Central Inverter
4 Platform Test Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
A Review of Frequency Control Techniques Using Artificial Neural Network for Urban Microgrid Applications
1 Introduction
2 Urban Electrical Microgrid
3 Fundamentals About Frequency Control
3.1 Primary Control
3.2 Secondary Control
4 Artificial Intelligence in MG
5 Artificial Neural Network
5.1 Principle
5.2 Artificial Neural Networks for Control in MG
5.3 Application in System Management Supervision
5.4 Application in Local Control System
6 Conclusions
References
Stator Interturn Short-Circuits Detection in the PMSM Drive by Using Current Symmetrical Components and Selected Machine Learning Algorithms
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Basis
3 Symmetrical Current Components Spectral Analysis
4 Experimental Stand
5 Hyperparameters Tuning of the Proposed Fault Classifiers
6 Online Verification of the Proposed Fault Classifiers
7 Conclusions
References
Part IV Energy Storage Systems
Potential Operation of Battery Systems to Provide Automatic Frequency Reserve Restoration (aFRR) Service
1 Introduction
2 The Automatic Frequency Reserve Restoration Service
2.1 Operation
2.2 Market
3 Strategy
3.1 Spanish aFRR Service Simulator
3.2 Battery Operation
4 Results
4.1 Simulation Results
4.2 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Incremental Capacity Analysis as a Diagnostic Method Applied to Second Life Li-ion Batteries
1 Introduction
2 Diagnostic Methods for Second Life Batteries
3 Incremental Capacity Analysis
3.1 Principle
3.2 Experimental Tests
3.3 Interpretations
3.4 C-Rate Influence on the ICA
4 HPPC Profile Characterization
5 ICA Comparison with the 'Alawa Toolbox
6 Conclusions
References
A Li-Ion Battery Charger with Embedded Signal Generator for On-Board Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
1 Introduction
2 Architecture of the Current Signal Generator
2.1 Hardware Implementation
2.2 FPGA Waveform Generator
3 Experimental Results
4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
A Survey of Energy Management Systems Considering Battery State of Health Preservation in Microgrid Applications
1 Introduction
2 Battery Degradation Models
3 EMSs Considering Battery SOH Preservation
4 Open Issues and Future Directions
5 Conclusions
References
Impedance Modeling for Multichannel EIS in Industrial Scale Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 The Experimental Set Up
3.1 Industrial-Scale VRFB
3.2 Experimental Measurements
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Numerical Assessment of Cooling Systems for Thermal Management of Lithium-Ion Batteries
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Experimental SET-UP
2.2 Mathematical Model
2.2.1 Fluid Model
2.2.2 Heat Transfer Model
2.3 Model Validation
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusions
References
Modeling of the Thermal Runaway Phenomenon of Cylindrical 18650 Li-Ion Cells
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Material
2.2 DSC
2.3 Cone Calorimeter
3 Mathematical Models
3.1 The Electrochemical Model
3.2 Thermal Model
3.3 Venting and Boiling Model
4 Modelling Procedures
4.1 Charge-Discharge Cycle
4.2 Thermal Abuse
5 Discussion
6 Conclusions
References
Part V Optimisation in Complex Electrical Systems
User Experience Inquiry to Specify COFFEE: A Collaborative Open Framework For Energy Engineering
1 Introduction
2 Collaborative Platforms for Open Energy Modelling
2.1 Interests of Open Energy Modelling
2.2 Including Human Actors in the Design Process
2.3 Characteristics of Online Collaborative Platforms in the Energy Field
3 Collaborative Open Framework For Energy Engineering (COFFEE)
3.1 COFFEE Concept
3.2 COFFEE Implementation
3.3 CAUTIC Inquiry: Method and Results
4 Discussion and Perspectives
5 Conclusions
References
Supplementary Material
Optimal Sizing of Tramway Electrical Infrastructures Using Genetic Algorithms
1 Introduction
2 Studied System
3 Formulation of the Optimization Problem
3.1 Optimization Variables
3.2 Objective Functions
3.3 Constraints
4 Optimization Method NSGA II
4.1 Problem Characteristics and Optimization Method Choice
4.2 Genetic Algorithm Elements: Chromosome and Genes
4.3 Crossover Operator
4.4 Mutation Operator
4.5 Influence of the Hyper-Parameters
5 Results
5.1 Test Case
5.2 Choice of the Hyper-parameters
5.3 Results
6 Conclusion
References
A Comparative Study of Existing Approaches for Modeling the Incident Irradiance on Bifacial Panels
1 Introduction
2 Bifacial Cell Modeling
2.1 Bifaciality Factor
2.2 Bifaciality Gain
2.3 Electrical Model
3 Tools for Modelling the Incident Irradiance
3.1 Input Parameters
3.2 Raytracing: Bifacial_radiance
3.3 Sandia View Factor Model
3.4 pvfactors
4 Comparison
5 Conclusion
References
Self-Adaptive Construction Algorithm of a Surrogate Model for an Electric Powertrain Optimization
1 Introduction
2 Surrogate Modeling
2.1 Definition
2.2 Sampling Plan
2.3 Kriging
2.4 Efficiency of Kriging
3 Enrichment
3.1 Typical Methods
3.2 Sub-Latin Hypercube
3.3 SHL Results
4 Conclusion
References
Optimization of Neural Network-Based Load Forecasting by Means of Whale Optimization Algorithm
1 Introduction
2 Echo State Network
3 Whale Optimization Algorithm
3.1 Exploration Phase
3.2 Exploitation Phase
4 WOA-ESN Combined Model
5 Simulation and Results
6 Conclusions
References
Part VI Modelling and Simulation of Electrical Machines and Electromagnetic Devices
Estimation of Steady-State Torque of Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using Reluctance Network Approach
1 Introduction
2 Studied Machine
3 Reluctance Network Approach (RNA)
3.1 Nonlinear Reluctance Network
3.2 Simplified Reluctance Network
4 Steady-State Torque Characteristics
5 Finite Element Method Simulation
5.1 Flux Density in the Air-Gap and Back EMF
5.2 Steady-State Torque Calculation
6 Comparison of the Results
7 Conclusions
References
An Overview of High-Speed Axial Flux Permanent Magnets Synchronous Machines
1 Introduction
2 Possible High-Speed Topologies
3 Mechanical Constraints Analysis
3.1 Centrifugal Forces and Corresponding Stresses
3.2 Permanent Magnets
3.3 Attraction Forces
4 High-Speed Additional Losses
5 Suitable Materials for High Speed
5.1 Soft Magnetic Components
5.2 Permanent Magnets
5.3 Conductors
5.4 Retaining Sleeve
5.5 Bearings Selection
6 Application Domains of High-Speed Axial Flux Machines
7 Conclusion
References